Pharmaceutical Systems Global Perspectives

, by Lilja, John; Salek, Sam; Alvarez, Aldo; Hamilton, David

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ISBN: 9780470725672 | 0470725672
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/8/2008

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Pharmaceutical Systems aims to provide a broad global account of the medicine sector today, from a social science perspective. It offers an understanding of the dynamic, social, economical and cultural processes which determine the organization of the medicine sector and the decision-making processes of the field in different parts of the world.

Preface	p. ix
About the authors	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
Economic development	p. 1
Systems analysis	p. 3
Actors in the pharmaceutical systems	p. 8
Evaluations	p. 17
Data collection	p. 20
Summary of results and formulation of conclusions	p. 20
Social constructionism and social representation theory	p. 21
The actor-spectator paradox	p. 25
Decision-making processes in the drug system	p. 26
How attitudes and beliefs change - the balance model	p. 29
Summary	p. 32
References	p. 33
A historical perspective of drug research and diffusion	p. 39
The period of folk medicine	p. 39
The merchant period (1500 AD to the end of the eighteenth century)	p. 39
The chemical period (the nineteenth century)	p. 44
The animal testing period (from 1900 to the end of the 1930s)	p. 47
The drug innovation period (from 1940 to 1964)	p. 49
The post-Thalidomide period (1965 to present)	p. 51
Future perspectives	p. 56
Summary	p. 56
References	p. 57
National drug policies	p. 61
Efficient organization of drug support	p. 62
Efficient organization of drug research	p. 63
Efficient organization of drug production	p. 65
Efficient organization of drug distribution	p. 66
An efficient system for drug consumption	p. 68
A satisfactory system of drug information	p. 69
Choice of drugs with high therapeutic powers	p. 70
Choice of drugs with few side effects	p. 75
Low drug costs	p. 77
How to develop and implement a national policy	p. 78
Summary	p. 78
References	p. 78
Planning the drug support	p. 81
Patent and exclusivity policies	p. 81
Trade name policy vs. generic name policy	p. 84
Generic and therapeutic substitution	p. 85
Generic prescribing	p. 87
Drug registration	p. 88
Drug reimbursement policies/national health insurance systems	p. 90
The public and private drug sectors of developing countries	p. 93
The primary health care policy	p. 95
The essential drugs (ED) policy	p. 99
Summary	p. 102
References	p. 103
Drug research	p. 109
Drug company strategies	p. 110
Factors which determine the resources a drug company spends on R&D	p. 112
The selection of research areas by a drug company	p. 115
The research process	p. 116
The project decision	p. 118
The research administration after a project has been accepted	p. 120
Research productivity	p. 122
Ethical concerns in drug research	p. 124
Summary	p. 125
References	p. 126
Drug production	p. 129
Background	p. 129
Variations between countries	p. 133
The decision regarding which drug(s) to produce	p. 134
The organization of production lines	p. 139
Production of drug raw materials	p. 141
Drug quality	p. 142
Principles of technical assistance support	p. 144
The decision where to locate the plant	p. 145
Determination of production quantities	p. 146
Export decisions	p. 146
Summary	p. 147
References	p. 148
Drug prices, cost controls and profits in the drug industry	p. 151
Price setting of raw drug materials	p. 151
Price setting of ready-made drugs	p. 154
Price setting of patented drugs	p. 156
Price setting of non-patented drugs (generic drugs)	p. 157
Price Competition	p. 158
Cost controls	p. 160
The prices a patient has to pay in the public sector in countries which have a public distribution system	p. 163
Drug prices at private pharmacies in developing countries	p. 164
The profits of drug companies	p. 164
Summary	p. 166
References	p. 167
Drug wholesaling and procurement	p. 171
Importation	p. 172
Different types of wholesale systems	p. 173
How to evaluate a wholesaling system	p. 174
Procurement	p. 176
Summary	p. 178
References	p. 178
Drug retail distribution	p. 181
Pharmaceutical care	p. 182
The degree of formal government control of outpatient pharmacies	p. 184
Drug distribution aims	p. 188
Summary	p. 200
References	p. 200
Drug consumption	p. 205
Historical perspective	p. 205
Measurement of drug consumption	p. 206
Factors which determine the volume of a drug consumed in a country	p. 209
Factors found to be related to the volume of drug consumption	p. 211
Factors which influence drug consumption at the individual level	p. 213
Qualitative studies of drug consumption	p. 215
Summary	p. 216
References	p. 217
Marketing of drugs	p. 219
Historical background	p. 219
The contextual factors which affect the diffusion of a drug	p. 221
The marketing goals of drug companies	p. 222
Factors determining what a drug company spends on the marketing of a new drug	p. 223
The relative effects of different media and messages in commercial drug information to prescribers	p. 228
Commercial media directed at the general public	p. 230
A national perspective on commercial drug information	p. 230
Summary	p. 233
References	p. 233
The market structure	p. 237
The existing international market structure	p. 237
The market structure in a specific country	p. 239
Summary	p. 240
References	p. 241
Drug control	p. 243
Definition of drug control	p. 243
Process model of the drug control system in a country	p. 244
The processes to ensure that each aspect of drug control complies with the necessary norms or standards	p. 247
Control measures	p. 248
Clinical trials	p. 251
Summary	p. 252
References	p. 252
Drug prescribing	p. 255
Normative studies	p. 255
Sociological studies	p. 258
Information process studies of drug prescribing	p. 260
Prescription studies based on a cognitive perspective	p. 262
How standard selections change	p. 267
Making a diagnosis	p. 268
Placebo prescribing	p. 269
Summary	p. 270
References	p. 271
Patients' attitudes and behaviour	p. 277
Background	p. 277
Explanatory models	p. 278
A process model: how a layperson deals with medical symptoms	p. 280
OTC drugs	p. 288
Patient compliance	p. 289
Summary	p. 294
References	p. 294
Drug information	p. 301
Background	p. 301
The role of mass media	p. 303
Drug information sources used	p. 305
Drug information from a sender's perspective	p. 308
Mass media campaigns	p. 313
The value problem	p. 314
Summary	p. 315
References	p. 316
Index	p. 319
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Pharmaceutical Systems Global Perspectives

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