Pharmacology And Pathophysiology Of The Control Of Breathing

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ISBN: 9780824758905 | 0824758900
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/24/2005

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Exploring the functional anatomy and physiology of the ventilatory control system from the intracellular to the integrative level, this references serves as the first source to offer comprehensive coverage of the influences of various pharmacological agents on the control of breathing. Edited by seasoned authorities in the field, this resource examines the most recent findings concerning anesthesia-related respiratory effects, discusses the field of respiratory physiology from bench to bedside, presents new and state-of-the-art findings on the cellular mechanisms of oxygen sensing, and contains new research on ion channels, receptors, and neurotransmitters involved in respiratory control.

I. NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

(292)

1 Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Sensors of Metabolic Status

(18)

Colin A. Nurse

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Cellular Organization and Innervation of the Carotid Body

(2)

III. Carotid Body Chemoreceptors: O2-Sensitive K+ Channels

(2)

IV. What is the O2 Sensor and How is it Linked to K+ Channel(s)?

(1)

V. Role of Fast-Acting Neurotransmitters in Chemosensory Processing

(4)

VI. Glucose Sensing in the Carotid Body

(1)

VII. Neuromodulation in the Carotid Body

(3)

VIII. Future Directions

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(5)

2. Central Chemoreceptors

(50)

Luc J. Teppema and Albert Dahan

I. Introduction

(3)

II. Location of Central Chemoreceptors

(14)

III. Mechanism of Central Chemoreception

(9)

IV. Central Chemoreceptors and Breathing

(8)

References

(16)

3. Suprapontine Control of Breathing

(32)

Shakeeb H. Moosavi, David Paydarfar, and Steven A. Shea

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Definitions and Terminology

(1)

III. Volitional Control

(3)

IV. Involuntary Emotional Influences

(9)

V. Tonic Excitatory and Inhibitory Drives

(2)

VI. Interaction between 'Behavioral' and 'Automatic' Control

(2)

VII. Learned Respiratory Behaviors

(2)

VIII. Summary

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(12)

4. Measurement of Drug Effects on Ventilatory Control

103

(30)

Denham S. Ward

I. Introduction

103

(3)

II. Measurement Techniques

106

(2)

III. Quantification of Drug Pharmacodynamics

108

(1)

IV. Resting Measurements

109

(1)

V. Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response

110

(7)

VI. Hypoxic Ventilatory Response

117

(3)

VII. Changes in Airway Pressure

120

(2)

VIII. Other Stimuli

122

(2)

References

124

(9)

5. Response Surface Modeling of Drug Interactions: Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Using the Bootstrap

133

(22)

Erik Olefsen and Albert Dahan

I. Introduction

133

(1)

II. Pharmacodynamic Interaction Models

134

(3)

III. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference

137

(3)

IV. The Bootstrap

140

(3)

V. Applications

143

(8)

VI. Conclusions

151

(1)

References

152

(3)

6. Respiratory Neuroplasticity: Respiratory Gases, Development, and Spinal Injury

155

(70)

David D. Fuller, Gordon S. Mitchell, and Ryan W. Bavis

I. Introduction

155

(3)

II. Plasticity Induced by Respiratory Gases in Adult Mammals

158

(16)

III. Developmental Plasticity and the Control of Breathing

174

(13)

IV. Sex Hormones

187

(1)

V. Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Respiratory Plasticity

187

(11)

VI. Conclusion

198

(1)

Acknowledgments

199

(1)

References

199

(26)

7. Airway Reflexes in Humans

225

(36)

Takashi Nishino

I. Introduction

225

(1)

II. Central Nervous System

226

(1)

III. Afferent Innervation of the Upper Airway and Receptors

226

(3)

IV. Reflex Responses from the Upper Airway

229

(5)

V. Afferent Innervation of the Lower Airway and Receptors

234

(4)

VI. Integrative Aspects of the Airway Reflexes Elicited from the Lower Airways

238

(6)

VII. Clinical Problems Associated with Airway Reflexes

244

(6)

VIII. Conclusions

250

(1)

Acknowledgments

251

(1)

References

251

(10)

8. Inheritance and Ventilatory Behavior in Animal Models

261

(32)

Kingman P. Strohl

I. Introduction

262

(1)

II. Evidence and Implications for Inheritance of Ventilatory Traits in Humans

262

(4)

III. Targeting Ventilatory Traits in Small Animals

266

(5)

IV. Evidence for the Inheritance of Ventilatory Traits in Rodents

271

(3)

V. Estimates of the Strength of Inheritance

274

(2)

VI. Studies of Gene Effects in Rodent Models

276

(3)

VII. A Physiogenetic Map of Ventilatory Behavior

279

(3)

VIII. Overview and Future Directions

282

(1)

Acknowledgments

283

(1)

References

283

(10)

II. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

293

(130)

9. Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: Should We Rename it Congenital Autonomopathy?

295

(18)

David Gozal

I. Introduction

295

(1)

II. Definition and Diagnosis

296

(2)

III. Pathophysiology

298

(2)

IV. Animal Models

300

(1)

V. Structural Central Nervous System Abnormalities

300

(1)

VI. Physiologic Abnormalities of Ventilatory Control

301

(3)

VII. Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction

304

(1)

VIII. Summary and Conclusions

304

(1)

Acknowledgment

304

(1)

References

304

(9)

10. Upper Airway Obstruction in Sleep Apnea

313

(44)

Susheel P. Patil, Hartmut Schneider, Philip L. Smith, and Alan R. Schwartz

I. Introduction

313

(1)

II. Epidemiologic and Clinical Risk Factors

314

(3)

III. Pathogenesis of Upper Airway Obstruction

317

(16)

IV. Therapeutic Implications

333

(2)

V. Summary and Conclusions

335

(1)

References

336

(21)

11. High Altitude

357

(26)

Frank L. Powell and Philip E. Bickler

I. Introduction

357

(1)

II. Ventilatory Response to High Altitude

358

(2)

III. Time Domains of the HVR

360

(12)

IV. Increases in the Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response (HCVR) with Acclimatization

372

(1)

V. High Altitude Diseases and Ventilatory Control

372

(4)

References

376

(7)

12. Obesity and the Control of Breathing

383

(40)

Khalid F. Almoosa and Shahrokh Javaheri

I. Introduction

383

(1)

II. Overview of Obesity

384

(4)

III. Effects of Obesity on the Respiratory System

388

(11)

IV. Disorders of Ventilatory Control Associated with Obesity

399

(9)

V. Effects of Treatment of Obesity and OSAH on Ventilatory Control and Paco2

408

(4)

VI. Conclusion

412

(1)

References

412

(11)

III. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

423

(392)

13. Pain Management and Regional Anesthesia

425

(88)

Peter L. Bailey and Rajbala Thakur

I. Introduction

425

(1)

II. Postoperative Respiratory Dysfunction

426

(7)

III. Other Effects of Pain and Surgical Trauma

433

(5)

IV. Pain Control and Chronic Pain

438

(1)

V. Effects of Pain and Pain Management on Respiratory Function

438

(16)

VI. Regional Analgesia

454

(19)

VII. Other Analgesic Agents

473

(10)

VIII. Pre-Emptive Analgesia

483

(1)

IX. Perioperative Analgesia and Pulmonary Outcome

483

(4)

X. Cardiac Surgery

487

(2)

XI. Summary

489

(1)

References

490

(23)

14. Ventilatory Effects of Medications Used for Moderate and Deep Sedation

513

(58)

Jeffrey B. Gross and Dante A. Cerza

I. Introduction

513

(3)

II. Sedatives

516

(24)

III. Opioids

540

(13)

IV. Drug Combinations

553

(4)

V. Strategies for Minimizing Respiratory Risks of Sedation

557

(2)

VI. Conclusion

559

(1)

References

559

(12)

15. Central Effects of General Anesthesia

571

(82)

Eckehard A.E. Stuth, Edward J. Zuperku, and Astrid G. Stucke

I. Introduction

571

(1)

II. General Effects of Anesthetics on Respiration

572

(11)

III. Anesthetic Effects on Fast Synaptic Neurotransmission

583

(14)

IV. Overview of the Brainstem Respiratory Network

597

(16)

V. Paradigms of Anesthetic Effects on Respiratory Neurotransmission

613

(17)

VI. Summary and Outlook

630

(1)

Acknowledgment

630

(1)

References

630

(23)

16. The Influence of Inhalational Anesthetics on Carotid Body Mediated Ventilatory Responses

653

(34)

Albert Dahan, Raymonda Romberg, Elise Sarton, and Luc J. Teppema

I. Introduction

653

(2)

II. Influence of Inhalational Anesthetics on the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

655

(16)

III. Pain and Behavioral Responses

671

(3)

IV. Short-Term Potentiation of Breathing (STP)

674

(3)

V. Conclusions

677

(1)

References

677

(10)

17. General Anesthesia and Respiratory Mechanics

687

(50)

David O. Warner

I. Introduction

687

(1)

II. Normal Function of the Respiratory Pump

688

(6)

III. Effects of Anesthesia on Chest Wall Mechanics

694

(15)

IV. Effects of Anesthesia on Upper Airway Mechanics

709

(5)

V. Effects of Anesthesia on Lung Mechanics

714

(8)

VI. Summary

722

(1)

References

722

(15)

18. Recovery from Anesthesia

737

(42)

Shiroh Isono and Jacob Rosenberg

I. Introduction

737

(1)

II. Impairment and Recovery of Upper Airway Function after Anesthesia

738

(12)

III. Impairment and Recovery of Chemical Control of Breathing after Anesthesia

750

(2)

IV. Impairment and Recovery of Lung Function after Surgery

752

(3)

V. Late Postoperative Nocturnal Hypoxemia

755

(9)

References

764

(15)

19. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Ventilation

779

(14)

Lars L Eriksson

I. Regulation of Breathing

780

(5)

II. Respiratory Pump Function and the Control of the Upper Airways

785

(4)

References

789

(4)

20. Cardiovascular Drugs and the Control of Breathing

793

(22)

Denham S. Ward and Suzanne Karan

I. Introduction

793

(1)

II. Catecholamine Agonists and Antagonists

794

(6)

III. Renin-Angiotensin System

800

(1)

IV. Calcium Channel Blockers

801

(1)

V. Purinoceptor Agonists and Antagonists

802

(2)

VI. Other Agents

804

(1)

References

805

(10)

Author Index

815

(8)

Subject Index

823

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Pharmacology And Pathophysiology Of The Control Of Breathing

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Pharmacology And Pathophysiology Of The Control Of Breathing

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