Phased Array Antenna Handbook

This newly revised edition of the Artech House classic, Phased Array Antenna Handbook, offers the most up-to-date and broadest view of array antennas and systems. You find complete design details that allow you to size an array system with a speed and confidence. The second edition offers you a wealth of new material, including a detailed treatment of antenna system noise, sections on antenna pattern synthesis, developments in subarray technology, and in-depth information on array architecture and components.

Robert J. Mailloux is now a research professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.

Preface to the Second Edition

xi

Preface to the First Edition

xiii

Acknowledgments

xv

Phased Arrays in Radar and Communication Systems

1

(62)

Introduction

1

(11)

System Requirements for Radar and Communication Antennas

1

(11)

Array Characterization for Radar and Communication Systems

12

(32)

Fundamental Results from Array Theory

12

(22)

Array Size Determination

34

(9)

Time-Delay Compensation

43

(1)

Array Architecture and Control Technology

44

(19)

Array Aperture

44

(3)

Feed Architectures

47

(6)

Beamforming Modalities and Relevant Architectures

53

(2)

RF Components for Array Control

55

(4)

References

59

(4)

Pattern Characteristics of Linear and Planar Arrays

63

(46)

Array Analysis

63

(12)

The Radiation Integrals

63

(5)

Element Pattern Effects, Mutual Coupling, Gain Computed from Element Patterns

68

(7)

Characteristics of Linear and Planar Arrays

75

(14)

Linear Array Characteristics

75

(9)

Planar Array Characteristics

84

(5)

Scanning to Endfire

89

(3)

Thinned Arrays

92

(17)

Average Patterns of Density-Tapered Arrays

93

(3)

Probabilistic Studies of Thinned Arrays

96

(3)

Thinned Arrays with Quantized Amplitude Distributions

99

(8)

References

107

(2)

Pattern Synthesis for Linear and Planar Arrays

109

(76)

Linear Arrays and Planar Arrays with Separable Distributions

109

(44)

Fourier Transform Method

109

(2)

Schelkunov's (Schelkunoff's) Form

111

(2)

Woodward Synthesis

113

(3)

Dolph-Chebyshev Synthesis

116

(5)

Taylor Line Source Synthesis

121

(7)

Modified sin πz/πz Patterns

128

(2)

Bayliss Line Source Difference Patterns

130

(3)

Synthesis Methods Based on Taylor Patterns: Elliott's Modified Taylor Patterns and the Iterative Method of Elliott

133

(6)

Discretization of Continuous Aperture Illuminations by Root Matching and Iteration

139

(2)

Synthesis of Patterns with Complex Roots and Power Pattern Synthesis

141

(12)

Circular Planar Arrays

153

(4)

Taylor Circular Array Synthesis

153

(2)

Bayliss Difference Patterns for Circular Arrays

155

(2)

Methods of Pattern Optimization/Adaptive Arrays

157

(18)

Pattern Optimization

157

(2)

Adaptive Arrays

159

(3)

Generalized S/N Optimization for Sidelobe Cancelers, Phased and Multiple-Beam Arrays

162

(3)

Operation as Sidelobe Canceler

165

(3)

Fully Adaptive Phased or Multiple-Beam Arrays

168

(2)

Wideband Adaptive Control

170

(5)

Generalized Patterns Using Covariance Matrix Inversion

175

(1)

Pattern Synthesis Using Measured Element Patterns

176

(9)

References

180

(5)

Patterns of Nonplanar Arrays

185

(40)

Introduction

185

(2)

Methods of Analysis for General Conformal Arrays

186

(1)

Patterns of Circular and Cylindrical Arrays

187

(33)

Phase Mode Excitation of Circular Arrays

190

(4)

Patterns and Elevation Scan

194

(1)

Circular and Cylindrical Arrays of Directional Elements

194

(3)

Sector Arrays on Conducting Cylinders

197

(23)

Spherical and Hemispherical Arrays

220

(1)

Truncated Conical Arrays

221

(4)

References

221

(4)

Elements for Phased Arrays

225

(66)

Array Elements

225

(1)

Polarization Characteristics of Infinitesimal Elements in Free Space

225

(2)

Electric Current (Wire) Antenna Elements

227

(24)

Effective Radius of Wire Structures with Noncircular Cross Section

228

(1)

The Dipole and the Monopole

228

(6)

Special Feeds for Dipoles and Monopoles

234

(4)

Dipoles Fed Off-Center

238

(1)

The Sleeve Dipole and Monopole

238

(3)

The Bowtie and Other Wideband Dipoles

241

(1)

The Folded Dipole

241

(5)

Microstrip Dipoles

246

(1)

Other Wire Antenna Structures

247

(1)

Broadband Flared-Notch, Vivaldi, and Cavity-Backed Antennas

248

(3)

Aperture Antenna Elements

251

(7)

Slot Elements

252

(2)

Waveguide Radiators

254

(2)

Ridged Waveguide Elements

256

(1)

Horn Elements

257

(1)

Microstrip Patch Elements

258

(11)

Microstrip Patch

258

(10)

The Balanced Fed Radiator of Collings

268

(1)

Elements for Alternative Transmission Lines

269

(1)

Elements and Row (Column) Arrays for One-Dimensional Scan

269

(8)

Waveguide Slot Array Line Source Elements

272

(3)

Printed Circuit Series-Fed Arrays

275

(2)

Elements and Polarizers for Polarization Diversity

277

(14)

References

282

(9)

Summary of Element Pattern and Mutual Impedance Effects

291

(62)

Mutual Impedance Effects

291

(2)

Integral Equation Formulation for Radiation and Coupling in Finite and Infinite Arrays

293

(13)

Formulation and Results for Finite Arrays

293

(4)

Formulation and Results for Infinite Arrays

297

(9)

Array Blindness and Surface Waves

306

(13)

Impedance and Element Patterns in Well-Behaved Infinite Scanning Arrays

319

(8)

Semi-Infinite and Finite Arrays

327

(2)

Impedance Matching for Wide Angle and Wideband Radiation

329

(6)

Reduced Element Spacing

331

(2)

Dielectric WAIM Sheets

333

(2)

Mutual Coupling Phenomena for Nonplanar Surfaces

335

(4)

Small Arrays and Waveguide Simulators for the Evaluation of Phased Array Scan Behavior

339

(14)

Several Useful Simulators

344

(2)

References

346

(7)

Array Error Effects

353

(26)

Introduction

353

(1)

Effects of Random Amplitude and Phase Errors in Periodic Arrays

353

(9)

Average Pattern Characteristics

354

(4)

Directivity

358

(1)

Beam Pointing Error

358

(1)

Peak Sidelobes

359

(3)

Sidelobe Levels Due to Periodic Phase, Amplitude, and Time-Delay Quantization

362

(17)

Characteristics of an Array of Uniformly Illuminated Contiguous Subarrays

364

(1)

Phase Quantization in a Uniformly Illuminated Array

365

(6)

Reduction of Sidelobes Due to Phase Quantization

371

(3)

Subarrays with Quantized Amplitude Taper

374

(1)

Time Delay at the Subarray Ports

375

(1)

Discrete Phase or Time-Delayed Subarrays with Quantized Subarray Amplitudes

375

(2)

References

377

(2)

Special Array Feeds for Limited Field-of-View and Wideband Arrays

379

(94)

Multiple-Beam Systems

379

(20)

Beam Crossover Loss

381

(3)

Orthogonality Loss and the Stein Limit

384

(8)

Multiple-Beam Matrices and Optical Beamformers

392

(7)

Antenna Techniques for Limited Field-of-View Systems

399

(56)

Minimum Number of Controls

400

(2)

Periodic and Aperiodic Arrays for Limited Field of View

402

(19)

Constrained Network for Completely Overlapped Subarrays

421

(8)

Reflectors and Lenses with Array Feeds

429

(23)

Practical Design of a Dual-Transform System

452

(3)

Wideband Scanning Systems

455

(18)

Broadband Arrays with Time-Delayed Offset Beams

456

(1)

Contiguous Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems

456

(3)

Overlapped Time-Delayed Subarrays for Wideband Systems

459

(8)

References

467

(6)

List of Symbols

473

(4)

About the Author

477

(2)

Index

479

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Phased Array Antenna Handbook

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials