Philosophical Problems : Selected Readings

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PART ONE: THE MEANING OF LIFE

Plato (427-347BCE), APOLOGY: "A Life Worth Living"

*Chuang-tzu (c. 250 BCE), THE CHUANG-TZU: "Living in Accord with the Tao"

Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910), MY CONFESSION: "The Inevitability of the Question, 'What is the Aim of Life?'"

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), EXISTENTIALISM AND HUMANISM: "The Human Condition"

PART TWO: PHILOSOPHY OF MIND

Plato(427-347), PHAEDO: "Do Minds Survive after Death?"

*KATHA UPANISHAD (c. 500 BCE): "The Self-God"

*QUESTIONS OF KING MILIINDA(c. 100 CE): "The Self in Flux"

Lucretius (c. 94-55 BCE), ON THE NATURE OF THINGS: "The Mind as Body"

Rene Descartes (1569-1650), MEDITATIONS and THE PASSIONS OF THE SOUL: "The Distinction between Mind and Body"

*Anne Conway (1631-1678), THE PRINCIPLES OF THE MOST ANCIENT AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY: "Blurring the Distinction Between Mind and Body"

George Berkeley (1685-1753), THREE DIALOGUES BETWEEN HYLAS AND PHILONOUS: "Consciousness, not Matter, the True Reality"

*David Hume (1711-1776), TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE: "The Mind as a Bundle of Perceptions"

Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976), THE CONCEPT OF MIND: "Descartes' Myth"

John Searle (b. 1932), MINDS, BRAINS, AND SCIENCE: "The Mind-Body Problem"

PART THREE: PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Anselm (1033-1109), PROSLOGIUM: "The Ontological Argument"

Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274), SUMMA THEOLOGICA: "Five Ways of Proving God's Existence"

*Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), THOUGHTS: "Waging on Belief in God"

*David Hume (1711-1776), AN EQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING: "The Irrationality of Believing in Miricles"

*David Hume (1711-1776), DIALOGUES CONCERNING NATURAL RELIGION: "Against the Design and Cosmological Arguments"

*J.L. Mackie (1917-1981), EVIL AND OMNIPOTENCE: "The Logical Problem of Evil"

PART FOUR: EPISTEMOLOGY

Plato (427-347), THE REPUBLIC: "The Ascent to True Knowledge: The Divided Line and Cave"

*Sextus Empiricus (c. 200 CE), OUTLINES OF PYRRHONISM: "The Goals and Methods of Skepticism"

Rene Descartes (1569-1650), MEDITATIONS: "Certainty and the Limits of Doubt"

John Locke (1632-1704), ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING: "The Origin of All Our Ideas in Experience"

*David Hume (1711-1776), ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING, Sections 4 and 5: "Empiricism and the Limits of Knowledge"

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON: "How Knowledge is Possible"

William James (1842-1910), PRAGMATISM: A NEW NAME FOR SOME OLD WAYS OF THINKING: "Pragmatism's Conception of Truth"

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY: "Appearance and Reality"

Arthur Eddington (1882-1944), THE NATURE OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD: "Common Sense Knowledge and Scientific Knowledge"

*Richard Rorty (b. 1931), PHILOSOPHY AND THE MIRROR OF NATURE: "Critique of Traditional Epistemology"

PART FIVE: FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM

*Epictetus (c. 50-c. 120), HANDBOOK: "Resigning Oneself to Fate"

*David Hume (1711-1776), ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING: "The Argument for Determinism"

*Thomas Reid (1710-1796), ESSAYS ON THE ACTIVE POWERS OF MAN: "The Argument for Free Will from Common Sense Beliefs"

William James (1842-1919), THE DILEMMA OF DETERMINISM: "How Can We Explain Judgements of Regret"

John Searle (b. 1932), MINDS, BRAINS, AND SCIENCE: "The Freedom of the Will"

PART SIX: ETHICS

*Mencius (390-305 BCE) and Hsun-tzu (298-238 BCE), THE MENCIUS and THE HSUN-TZU: "Is Human Nature Inherently Good or Evil?"

Plato (427-347 BCE), EUTHYPHRO: "Does God Create Morality?"

Aristotle (384-322 BCE), NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS: "Morality and Virtue"

*Epicurus (341-271 BCE), LETTER TO MENOECEUS: "Pleasure and Life's Aim"

Immanual Kant (1724-1804), FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSICS OF MORALS: "The Categorical Imperative"

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), UTILITARIANISM: "Utilitarianism: Basing Morality on Consequences"

Friederich Nietzsche (1844-1900), BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL, THE TWILIGHT OF THE IDOLS, and THE WILL TO POWER: "Turning Values Upside Down"

Carol Gilligan (b. 1936), IN A DIFFERENT VOICE: "Is there a Characteristically Feminine Voice Defining Morality?"

*James Fieser, (b. 1958), MORAL PHILOSOPHY THROUGH THE AGES: "Cultural Relativism"

PART SEVEN: POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Plato (427-347 BCE), CRITO: "Obedience to the State"

Aristotle (384-322 BCE), POLITICS: "The Natural Basis of Society"

Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274), THE TREATISE ON LAW: "Natural Law"

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1678), DE CIVE: "The Social Contract"

*Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), A VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN: "The Rights of Women"

Karl Marx (1818-1883), MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY: "The Clash of Class Interests"

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), ON LIBERTY: "The Individual and the Limits of Government"

John Rawls (b. 1921), "Justice as Fairness"

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