Philosophy in the Ancient World An

Philosophy in the Ancient World: An Introduction_an intellectual history of the ancient world from the eighth century B.C.E. to the fifth century C.E., from Homer to Boethius_describes and evaluates ancient thought in its cultural setting, showing how it affected and was affected by that setting. The greatest philosophers (Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, Augustine) and cultural figures (Homer, Euripides, Thucydides, Archimedes) and a number of lesser ones (Hesiod, Posidonius, Basil) receive careful description and evaluation. Philosophy in the Ancient World is ideally suited as a supplement for undergraduate courses in Ancient Philosophy and the History of Philosophy in the West.

James A. Arieti is Graves H. Thompson Professor of Classics and chair of the department at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia.

Illustrations

xv

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

Time Line of the Ancient Thinkers

xxi

Map: Philosophers in the Ancient World

xxiv

CHAPTER 1: A World Ready for Philosophy

1

(38)

I. WHY ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY

2

(4)

II. QUALITIES OF THE GREEK MIND CONDUCIVE TO PHILOSOPHY

6

(6)

III. BEFORE PHILOSOPHY: HOMER AND HESIOD

12

(4)

A. Homer

12

(3)

B. Hesiod

15

(1)

IV. WHY HOMER AND HESIOD ARE NOT PHILOSOPHY

16

(3)

V. OTHER CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE BIRTH OF PHILOSOPHY

19

(10)

A. The Polis

19

(4)

B. Architecture and Art

23

(6)

VI. HOW AND WHERE PHILOSOPHY BEGAN

29

(2)

VII. THE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

31

(2)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

33

(1)

NOTES

34

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

36

(3)

CHAPTER 2: Philosophy Begins

39

(16)

I. BY WHAT NAME SHALL WE CALL THE MILESIAN THINKERS?

40

(1)

II. HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE EARLY THINKERS?

41

(3)

III. THE THINKERS FROM MILETUS: THALES, ANAXIMANDER, ANAXIMENES

44

(6)

A. Thales (624-546)

44

(3)

B. Anaximander (610-546)

47

(2)

C. Anaximenes (585-528)

49

(1)

IV. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE MILESIANS

50

(1)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

51

(1)

NOTES

52

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

54

(1)

CHAPTER 3: Philosophy Moves to Italy

55

(12)

I. ITALY

56

(1)

II. PYTHAGORAS

56

(4)

III. XENOPHANES

60

(4)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

64

(1)

NOTES

65

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

66

(1)

CHAPTER 4: The Turn of the Fifth Century: Heraclitus and Parmenides

67

(14)

I. THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

68

(1)

II. HERACLITUS

69

(3)

III. PARMENIDES (FL. 501-490) AND HIS SUCCESSORS

72

(6)

A. Parmenides

72

(4)

B. Zeno and Melissus

76

(2)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

78

(1)

NOTES

79

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

80

(1)

CHAPTER 5: The Persian Wars and Their Aftermath: Sophistry and Rhetoric

81

(16)

I. THE PERSIAN WARS

82

(5)

II. RHETORIC AND SOPHISTRY

87

(6)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

93

(1)

NOTES

94

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

96

(1)

CHAPTER 6: Medicine, Tragedy, History

97

(18)

I. MEDICINE

98

(4)

II. TRAGEDY

102

(7)

III. HISTORY

109

(3)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

112

(1)

NOTES

113

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

114

(1)

CHAPTER 7: Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and Democritus

115

(16)

I. EMPEDOCLES

116

(2)

II. ANAXAGORAS

118

(4)

III. DEMOCRITUS

122

(3)

IV. SUMMING UP THE EARLY PHILOSOPHERS

125

(2)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

127

(1)

NOTES

128

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

129

(2)

CHAPTER 8: The Peloponnesian War: Socrates, Thucydides, Euripides

131

(22)

I. SOCRATES

132

(6)

II. THUCYDIDES

138

(7)

III. EURIPIDES

145

(4)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

149

(1)

NOTES

150

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

152

(1)

CHAPTER 9: Rhetoric and the Philosophers

153

(14)

I. RHETORIC

154

(1)

II. EXTEMPORANEOUS AND PREPARED SPEECHES

155

(4)

III. ISOCRATES (436-338)

159

(2)

IV. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY

161

(1)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

162

(1)

NOTES

163

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

164

(3)

CHAPTER 10: Plato

167

(24)

I. PLATO (428-348 B.C.E.)

168

(2)

II. READING PLATONIC DIALOGUES

170

(4)

III. A COMPENDIUM OF VIEWS ASSOCIATED WITH PLATO

174

(10)

A. Metaphysics

175

(2)

B. Ethics

177

(2)

C. Political Philosophy

179

(2)

D. Eros

181

(1)

E. Teleology

182

(1)

F. Other Views

183

(1)

IV. PLATO'S ACADEMY

184

(2)

V. AFTER PLATO

186

(1)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

186

(2)

NOTES

188

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

189

(2)

CHAPTER 11: Aristotle

191

(36)

I. INTRODUCTION

192

(2)

II. LOGIC

194

(2)

III. ARISTOTLE'S TEN CATEGORIES

196

(5)

A. The Ten Types of Predication

196

(1)

B. Matter and Form

197

(2)

C. Actuality and Potentiality

199

(1)

D. Essence

199

(1)

E. Additional Thoughts on Actuality and Potentiality

200

(1)

IV. ARISTOTLE'S "FOUR CAUSES"

201

(2)

V. ARISTOTLE'S RESPONSE TO PARMENIDES

203

(1)

VI. THE PRIME MOVER AS ARISTOTLE'S DEITY

204

(3)

VII. ARISTOTLE'S PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

207

(5)

A. The Strong Meaning of Knowledge

207

(1)

B. Where Knowledge Comes From

208

(1)

C. Mistakes People Make about Knowledge

209

(1)

D. Unqualified Knowledge

210

(2)

VIII. ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS

212

(6)

A. Happiness

212

(1)

B. The Doctrine of the Mean and the Virtues

213

(3)

C. Friendship

216

(1)

D. Pleasure

217

(1)

IX. ARISTOTLE'S PSYCHOLOGY

218

(2)

X. ARISTOTLE'S LEGACY

220

(1)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

221

(2)

NOTES

223

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

225

(2)

CHAPTER 12: The World of the Third Century

227

(14)

I. ALEXANDER AND HIS AFTERMATH

228

(1)

II. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS

229

(7)

A. Mathematics and Astronomy

230

(4)

B. Biological Sciences

234

(1)

C. City Planning

235

(1)

D. Literary Studies

235

(1)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

236

(2)

NOTES

238

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

238

(3)

CHAPTER 13: Epicureanism

241

(18)

I. INTRODUCTION

242

(1)

II. EPICURUS'S ANTECEDENTS

242

(4)

A. Aristippus of Cyrene (435-360)

242

(2)

B. Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360-275)

244

(2)

III. EPICUREANISM

246

(8)

A. Epicurus

246

(3)

B. Epicurus's System

249

(5)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

254

(1)

NOTES

255

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

257

(2)

CHAPTER 14: Stoicism

259

(22)

I. INTRODUCTION

260

(1)

II. CYNICS

261

(2)

III. THE EARLY STOA

263

(3)

A. The Founding of Stoicism: Zeno (336-265)

263

(1)

B. Zeno's Successors

264

(1)

C. The Middle Stoa

265

(1)

IV. TENETS OF STOICISM

266

(7)

A. Introduction

266

(1)

B. Logic

267

(1)

C. Stoic Physics and Its Relation to Ethics

268

(2)

D. Ethics

270

(1)

E. Assorted Stoic Views

271

(2)

V. ROMAN STOICISM

273

(3)

A. Seneca (4 B.C.E.-65 C.E.)

273

(1)

B. Epictetus (55-135)

274

(1)

C. Marcus Aurelius (121-180)

275

(1)

VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON STOICISM

276

(1)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

276

(2)

NOTES

278

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

280

(1)

CHAPTER 15: Rome and Cicero

281

(14)

I. ROME

282

(2)

II. CICERO THE MAN

284

(1)

III. CICERO THE THINKER

285

(6)

IV. CICERO'S LEGACY

291

(1)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

292

(1)

NOTES

293

(1)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

294

(1)

CHAPTER 16: Greek Philosophy Finds the Bible and the Bible Finds Greek Philosophy

295

(16)

I. THE WORLD AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM

296

(3)

II. PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA

299

(8)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

307

(1)

NOTES

308

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

310

(1)

CHAPTER 17: The War for the Ancient Soul

311

(20)

I. THE WAR OF POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY

312

(2)

II. CULTURAL DECLINE AND ITS EXPLANATIONS

314

(3)

III. THE CITY ON A HILL

317

(3)

IV. CHRISTIANITY AND PHILOSOPHY

320

(1)

V. THE CHRISTIAN DANCE WITH PHILOSOPHY: MINUCIUS FELIX AND BASIL OF CAESAREA

321

(5)

A. Minucius Felix (fl. 200-240)

321

(3)

B. Basil of Caesarea (330-379)

324

(2)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

326

(1)

NOTES

327

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

329

(2)

CHAPTER 18: Philosophy at the End of Antiquity

331

(28)

I. NEOPLATONISM

332

(1)

II. PLOTINUS (205-270)

333

(4)

III. CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY

337

(1)

IV. AUGUSTINE (354-430)

338

(7)

A. Augustine's Conversion to Philosophy

339

(1)

B. Augustine's Manichaean Period

340

(1)

C. Augustine's Neoplatonist Period

341

(1)

D. Augustine's Christian Philosophy

342

(3)

E. Conclusions about Augustine

345

(1)

V. BOETHIUS (475-524)

345

(4)

VI. HERESY AND THE END OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY

349

(4)

VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS

353

(2)

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

355

(1)

NOTES

356

(2)

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

358

(1)

Glossary

359

(12)

Index

371

(14)

About the Author

385

(1)

About the Illustrator

386

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