The Philosophy of Mind

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ISBN: 9780262521673 | 0262521679
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/15/1992

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Bringing together the best classical and contemporary writings in the philosophy of mind and organized by topic, this anthology allows readers to follow the development of thinking in five broad problem areas - the mind/body problem, mental causation, associationism/connectionism, mental imagery, and innate ideas - over 2500 years of philosophy. The writings range from Plato and Descartes to Fodor and the PDP research group, showing how many of the current concerns in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science are firmly rooted in history. The editors have provided helpful introductions to each of the main sections. Brian Beakley is Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at Eastern Illinois University. Peter Ludlow is Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department at SUNY, Stony Brook. Readings from: Plato, Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas, Reneacute; Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Nicolas Malebranche, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Henry Huxley, William James, Oswald Kuuml;lpe, John Watson, jean Piaget, Gilbert Ryle, U. T. Place, Hilary Putnam, Daniel Dennett, Donald Davidson, Jerry Fodor, Roger Shepard, Jacqueline Metzler, Saul Kripke, Ned Block, Noam Chomsky, Stephen Kosslyn, Zenon Pylyshyn, Patricia Churchland, James McClelland, David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, Paul Smolensky, Seymour Papert.

Preface
Sources and Acknowledgments
The Mind/Body Problem
Introduction
Further Reading
From Metaphysics, book 7, and On the Soul, book 2
Of Sense
Sense
From Meditations II and VI and from Reply to Objections II
From The Principles of Human Knowledge
Of the Laws of Mind
What Is Meant by Laws of Mind
Is There a Science of Psychology?
Descartes' Myth
The Official Doctrine
The Absurdity of the Official Doctrine
The Origin of the Category-Mistake
Historical Note
Is Consciousness a Brain Process?
Introduction
The 'Is' of Definition and the 'Is' of Composition
The Logical Independence of Expressions and the Ontological Independence of Entities
When Are Two Sets of Observations Observations of the Same Event?
The Physiological Explanation of Introspection and the Phenomenological Fallacy
Acknowledgments
References
From "Identity and Necessity"
Notes
From Language and Problems of Knowledge
The Nature of Mental States
Identity Questions
Is Pain a Brain State?
Functional State versus Brain State
Functional State versus Behavior-Disposition
Methodological Considerations
Notes
Reductionism and Antireductionism in Functionalist Theories of Mind
Antireductionism in Functionalist Theories of the Mind
Functional Types and Structural Implementations
In Defense of Reductionism
Intertheoretic Reduction and Functionalism
Levels of Organization in the Mind-Brain
Bibliography
Troubles with Functionalism
Functionalism, Behaviorism, and Physicalism
More about What Functionalism Is
Homunculi-Headed Robots
Putnam's Proposal
Is the Prima Facie Doubt Merely Prima Facie?
Psychofunctionalism
Are Qualia Psychofunctional States?
Chauvinism vs. Liberalism
The Problem of the Inputs and the Outputs
Notes
References
Philosophy and Our Mental Life
Notes
Mental Causation
Introduction
Further Reading
From The Phaedo
From Passions of the Soul
From "The Union of Soul and Body"
The Nature and Communication of Substances
The Third Antinomy
The Antinomy Of Pure Reason
Third Conflict Of The Transcendental Ideas
Observation On The Third Antinomy
Note
On the Hypothesis That Animals Are Automata
Mental Events
II
III
Notes
Making Mind Matter More
I Causal Responsibility
II Intentional Laws
Notes
Mental Imagery
Introduction
Further Reading
That the Soul Never Thinks without an Image
Of Imagination
Imagination
Memory
Dreams
Understanding
From Meditation VI and from Objection IV and Reply
Objection IV [By Thomas Hobbes]
Reply
Of the Ideas of the Memory and Imagination
Imagination
Our Images Are Usually Vague
Are Vague Images 'Abstract Ideas'?
The Neural Process which Underlies Imagination?
Notes
References
The Modern Psychology of Thinking
Notes
Image in Behavior
Notes
"The Theory of Special Status Pictures" and "Imagining"
The Nature of Images and the Introspective Trap
Notes
Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects
References and Notes
Scanning Visual Mental Images: The First Phase of the Debate
Different Mechanisms? The First Phase of the Debate
Tacit Knowledge and "Mental Scanning"
The Empirical Phenomena: Mental Scanning
Some Preliminary Considerations
Task Demands of Imagery Experiments
The Generality of the "Tacit Knowledge" View
Some Empirical Evidence
Note
References
Demand Characteristics?: The Second Phase of the Debate
Bibliography
Associationism/Connectionism
Introduction
Further Reading
Of the Consequence or Train of Imaginations
Train of Thoughts Unguided
Train of Thoughts Regulated
Remembrance
Prudence
Signs
Conjecture of the Time Past
Infinite
Of the Association of Ideas
Of the Connection or Association of Ideas
The Principal Investigations of Psychology Characterised
Notes
The Elementary Law of Association
Impartial Redintegration
Ordinary or Mixed Association
Notes
The Appeal of Parallel Distributed Processing
Multiple Simultaneous Constraints
Parallel Distributed Processing
PDP Models: Cognitive Science or Neuroscience?
Examples of PDP Models
Perception
Retrieving Information From Memory
Representation and Learning in PDP Models
Acknowledgments
Note
References
Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis
Introduction
Levels of Explanation
The Nature of The Dispute
Complex Mental Representations
The role of labels in Connectionist theories
Connectionist networks and graph structures
Distributed representations
Representations as 'distributed' over microfeatures
Structure Sensitive Operations
Learning
Reasoning
The Need for Symbol Systems: Productivity, Systematicity, Compositionality and Inferential Coheren...
Productivity of Thought
Systematicity of Cognitive Representation
Compositionality of Representations
The Systematicity of Inference
Summary
Notes
References
The Constituent Structure of Connectionist Mental States: A Reply to Fodor and Pylyshyn
The Paradox and Several Responses
Fodor and Pylyshyn on the Constituent Structure of Mental States
Connectionism and Implementation
Acknowledgments
Notes
References
One AI or Many?
Notes
Innate Ideas
Introduction
Further Reading
From The Meno
From ''Comments on a Certain Broadsheet"
No Innate Principles in the Mind
The Psychogenesis of Knowledge and Its Epistemological Significance
Empiricism
Preformation
Reflective Abstraction
Constructive Generalization
The Biological Roots of Knowledge
Necessity and Equilibration
Psychogenesis and History of Science
Notes
How There Could Be a Private Language and What It Must Be Like
Notes
Bibliography
On Cognitive Structures and Their Development: A Reply to Piaget
The Structure-Dependent Property of Linguistic Rules
What Is Innate and Why: Comments on the Debate
The Nature of Grammars
Propositional Calculus
The Nature of Language Learning
H1 Considered More Closely
Chomsky on General Intelligence
The Prospects of General Learning Theory
Chomsky on Evolution
A Better Argument
Piaget's "Constructivism"
Fodor's "Tautology"
Fodor's Argument for the Innateness of All Concepts
Notes
Discussion of Putnam's Comments
Notes
Reply to Putnam
Putnam on "Fodor's Tautology"
Putnam on Fodor on the Innateness of All Concepts
Putnam on What Fodor Has Rendered Otiose
Putnam on God and Man
Notes
Index
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The Philosophy of Mind

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