The Phonology of Armenian

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ISBN: 9780198236610 | 0198236611
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/4/1998

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This study presents the first contemporary linguistic treatment of Armenian, an Indo-European language whose distinct dialects range geographically from Poland to India. The book documents a rich linguistic (and literary) history dating from the fourth-century translation of the Bible into Classical Armenian. Data are drawn from Classical, Middle, and Standard Eastern and Western Armenian, and from the author's fieldwork on non-standard dialects.

Transcription key

xiii

(1)

Map of the principal Armenian dialects

xiv

INTRODUCTION

(6)

1 SURVEY OF ARMENIAN PHONOLOGY

(28)

1.1. The dialects

(5)

1.1.1. Historical dialectology

(4)

1.2. Phonetics and phonemics

(4)

1.2.1. SEA

(4)

1.2.2. SWA

(1)

1.3. Basic alternations

(5)

1.3.1. R-aspiration

(1)

1.3.2. Final devoicing

(1)

1.3.3. Fricative voice assimilation

(1)

1.3.4. S-aspiration

(1)

1.3.5. Place assimilation

(1)

1.3.6. R-assimilation

(1)

1.3.7. Vocalic alternations

(2)

1.4. Syllable structure

(14)

1.4.1. Underlying word-initial clusters

(4)

1.4.2. Final consonant clusters

(1)

1.4.3. Vowel sequences

(2)

1.4.4. Clitics and intransitives

(1)

1.4.5. Plural formation

(3)

1.4.6. Tests for syllable affiliation in Classical Armenian

(2)

2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

(26)

2.1. Representations

(11)

2.1.1. Feature organization

(2)

2.1.1.1. The Labial node

(1)

2.1.1.2. The Coronal node

(1)

2.1.1.3. The Laryngeal node

(1)

2.1.1.4. The Upper Vocal Tract node

(1)

2.1.2. Prosodic structure

(2)

2.1.2.1. Syllable structure

(3)

2.1.3. Full specification

(1)

2.2. Rules

(9)

2.2.1. Sensitivity

(1)

2.2.1.1. Features

(2)

2.2.1.2. Cyclicity

(3)

2.2.2. Constraints and repairs

(2)

2.3. The Architecture of the grammar

(6)

2.3.1. Distributed morphology

(1)

2.3.2. The Structure of lexical entries

(2)

2.3.3. Interlevel access

(1)

2.3.3.1. Morphological access of syntactic structure

(2)

2.3.3.2. Phonological access of syntactic structure

(1)

2.3.3.3. Phonological access of morphological structure

(1)

3 SYLLABIFICATION

(71)

3.1. Introduction

(5)

3.2. Basic elements of syllabification

(29)

3.2.1. Epenthesis versus deletion

(4)

3.2.2. Lexical syllabification

(4)

3.2.3. The sonority hierarchy

(1)

3.2.3.1. Vowels

(1)

3.2.3.2. Consonants

(2)

3.2.4. Nuclei

(3)

3.2.5. Onsets

(2)

3.2.6. Codas and appendices

(1)

3.2.6.1. Codas

(1)

3.2.6.2. Appendices

(2)

3.2.6.3. Coda assignment

(1)

3.2.6.3.1. The Sonority Blocking Constraint

(1)

3.2.7. Epenthesis

(2)

3.2.8. The cycle

(5)

3.2.9. Directionality

(1)

3.3. Peculiarities of Armenian syllabification

(34)

3.3.1. Nuclei

(1)

3.3.1.1. Vowel sequences

(1)

3.3.1.1.1. Sequences of nonhigh vowels

(1)

3.3.1.1.2. Sequences containing one high vowel

(2)

3.3.1.1.3. Sequences containing high vowels

(3)

3.3.2. Onsets

101

(1)

3.3.2.1. Sibilants

101

(1)

3.3.2.2. Prothesis

102

(1)

3.3.3. Codas

103

(1)

3.3.4. Postcyclic syllabification

104

(1)

3.3.4.1. Intransitives

105

(4)

3.3.4.2. Postcyclic assignment

109

(1)

3.3.4.2.1. Ordering

109

(1)

3.3.4.2.2. Constraints on attachment

109

(3)

3.3.4.3. Phrasal syllabification

112

(1)

3.3.4.3.1. Onset appropriation

112

(1)

3.3.4.3.2. Appendix licensing and resyllabification

113

(5)

3.3.5. Related rules

118

(1)

3.3.5.1. Plural selection

119

(4)

3.3.5.2. Syllable counting in Classical Armenian

123

(2)

3.3.6. Geminates

125

(1)

3.3.7. Variation

126

(3)

3.4. Conclusions

129

(1)

3.5. Data

129

(3)

4 STRESS ASSIGNMENT AND METRICAL STRUCTURE

132

(19)

4.1. The facts

132

(4)

4.2. Theoretical assumptions

136

(1)

4.3. Projection

137

(1)

4.4. Edge marking and heading

138

(3)

4.5. Stress clash

141

(7)

4.5.1. Penultimate stress systems

141

(4)

4.5.2. The stress hierarchy

145

(3)

4.6. Unstressed vowel deletion

148

(3)

5 VOWEL HARMONY

151

(23)

5.1. Theoretical assumptions

152

(3)

5.2. Root harmony

155

(5)

5.3. Word harmony

160

(9)

5.3.1. Agulis

160

(5)

5.3.2. Karchevan

165

(4)

5.4. Epenthetic harmony

169

(5)

5.4.1. Karchevan

169

(2)

5.4.2. Marash

171

(3)

6 CONSONANT-VOWEL INTERACTIONS

174

(37)

6.1. ATR-voice interactions

174

(8)

6.1.1. Adjarian's Law

174

(3)

6.1.2. Interactions between consonant voicing and vocalic [ATR] values

177

(1)

6.1.3. Analysis

178

(2)

6.1.4. Implications of [ATR] interactions for Unified Feature theories

180

(1)

6.1.5. Aresh fronting

181

(1)

6.2. Uvular effects

182

(12)

6.2.1. Agn

183

(4)

6.2.2. Agulis, Kesab, and Zeytun

187

(3)

6.2.3. Uvular-back interactions in Kesab and Homshetsma

190

(4)

6.2.4. Conclusions

194

(1)

6.3. Nasal raising

194

(6)

6.4. Coronal-front interactions

200

(9)

6.4.1. Evidence for coronal fronting

201

(5)

6.4.2. Place features for consonants and vowels

206

(3)

6.5. Conclusions

209

(2)

7 LARYNGEAL FEATURES AND CONSONANT SHIFTS

211

(31)

7.1. Basics

211

(1)

7.2. Phonetic aspects of voiced aspirates

212

(3)

7.2.1. Phonetics of crosslinguistic laryngeal contrasts

212

(2)

7.2.2. Phonetics of Armenian voiced aspirates

214

(1)

7.3. Phonological behavior of voiced aspirates

215

(11)

7.3.1. K-assimilation

215

(2)

7.3.2. Nasal voicing

217

(4)

7.3.3. R-aspiration

221

(1)

7.3.4. Fricative assimilation

222

(2)

7.3.5. Aspiration delinking

224

(2)

7.4. A contour-based analysis

226

(12)

7.4.1. Contour segments

226

(4)

7.4.2. Edge effects

230

(3)

7.4.3. New Julfa edge effects

233

(4)

7.4.4. Word-final laryngeal features

237

(1)

7.5. Consonant shifts

238

(3)

7.6. Conclusions

241

(1)

8 PROSODIC PHENOMENA

242

(22)

8.1. Reduplication

242

(5)

8.1.1. Armenian reduplication with fixed coda material

242

(4)

8.1.2. M-reduplication

246

(1)

8.2. Hypocoristics

247

(2)

8.3. Long-distance compensatory lengthening

249

(15)

8.3.1. Basic aspects of Svedia phonology

249

(3)

8.3.2. Alterntions triggered by the definite article

252

(3)

8.3.3. Analysis and parallels

255

(7)

8.3.4. Problems

262

(2)

References

264

(9)

Index

273

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The Phonology of Armenian

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Table of Contents

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