Phonology Theory and Description

This introductory textbook provides a compact and engaging presentation of the fundamental concepts of phonology. The four main themes - syllable structure, feature structure, rules and stress/ rhythm - include illuminating references to a variety of languages. No previous knowledge of contemporary phonological theory is assumed beyond that found in a typical first year introductory course, and each chapter includes helpful exercises and further reading.

Andrew Spencer is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex. He has published widely on phonological theory, developmental phonology and morphology. He is the author of Morphological Theory (Blackwell, 1991).

List of Figures

xi

(2)

List of Tables

xiii

(2)

Preface (Mainly for the Teacher)

xv

(5)

Preface (Mainly for the Student)

xx

(2)

Acknowledgements

xxii

(1)

List of Abbreviations and Symbols

xxiii

1 Preliminaries to Phonology

1

(44)

1.0 Introduction

1

(1)

1.1 The Nature of Phonology

1

(9)

1.1.1 Phonetics and phonology

1

(3)

1.1.2 Phonemes

4

(6)

1.2 The Phonetic Basis: Articulatory Segmental Phonetics

10

(25)

1.2.1 Consonants

11

(14)

1.2.2 Vowels

25

(10)

1.3 Suprasegmentals

35

(4)

1.3.1 Prosody

35

(3)

1.3.2 Representing the syllable

38

(1)

1.4 Phonology and Universal Grammar

39

(6)

2 Phonological Processes

45

(27)

2.0 Introduction

45

(1)

2.1 An Example: Fricative Devoicing

46

(3)

2.2 Underlying Representations (URs)

49

(6)

2.3 Lexical and Postlexical Phonological Processes

55

(3)

2.4 Summary of Common Segmental Processes

58

(14)

2.4.1 Assimilations and dissimilations

58

(2)

2.4.2 Fortitions and lenitions (strengthenings and weakenings)

60

(3)

2.4.3 Insertions, deletions and coalescence

63

(4)

2.4.4 Lengthenings and shortenings

67

(1)

2.4.5 Metathesis and reduplication

68

(4)

3 Syllables and Syllabification

72

(33)

3.0 Introduction

72

(2)

3.1 Quantity vs. Quality

74

(5)

3.2 Syllable Types

79

(4)

3.3 English Syllable Structure and Phonotactic Constraints

83

(8)

3.3.1 Consonant clusters

83

(5)

3.3.2 The Sonority Scale

88

(3)

3.4 Syllabification Principles

91

(9)

3.4.1 The syllabification algorithm

91

(6)

3.4.2 Ambisyllabicity

97

(1)

3.4.3 Appendices to codas

98

(2)

3.5 Moras

100

(5)

4 Distinctive Features

105

(41)

4.0 Introduction

105

(2)

4.1 Distinctive Features and the Classification of Sounds

107

(3)

4.1.1 The classificatory function of features

107

(1)

4.1.2 Major class features

108

(2)

4.2 Consonant Features

110

(7)

4.2.1 Manner features

110

(2)

4.2.2 Place of articulation features

112

(2)

4.2.3 Laryngeal features

114

(1)

4.2.4 Distinctive features for English consonants

115

(2)

4.3 Vowel Features

117

(4)

4.4 Redundancy and Underspecification

121

(5)

4.4.1 Redundancy rules and underspecification

121

(5)

4.5 Underspecification and Structure Preservation

126

(4)

4.6 Natural Classes and Phonological Rules

130

(16)

4.6.1 Characterizing natural classes

130

(3)

4.6.2 How to compute natural classes

133

(2)

4.6.3 Features and rules

135

(11)

5 Rules and Domains

146

(54)

5.0 Introduction

146

(1)

5.1 Phonological Rules in a Linear Framework

147

(4)

5.1.1 The SPE system

147

(2)

5.1.2 The problem of assimilations

149

(2)

5.2 Feature Geometry

151

(13)

5.2.1 Features, nodes and spreading

151

(11)

5.2.2 Feature geometry and autosegmental theory

162

(2)

5.3 Rule Ordering

164

(7)

5.4 Rules and Phonotactics: `Conspiracies'

171

(3)

5.5 Prosodic Domains and Rules

174

(26)

5.5.1 Syllable-based processes

174

(2)

5.5.2 Foot-based processes

176

(1)

5.5.3 Phonological words

177

(3)

5.5.4 Phonological phrases

180

(6)

5.5.5 Intonational phrases and the phonological utterance

186

(2)

5.5.6 The prosodic hierarchy and Strict Layer Hypothesis

188

(2)

5.5.7 Prosodic domains: final remarks

190

(10)

6 Postlexical Processes in English

200

(40)

6.0 Introduction

200

(1)

6.1 Assimilation Processes

201

(5)

6.1.1 Assimilations as spreading processes

201

(3)

6.1.2 Domain of application

204

(2)

6.2 Syllable-based Processes

206

(18)

6.2.1 Aspiration

206

(6)

6.2.2 Approximant Devoicing

212

(2)

6.2.3 Clear/dark /l/

214

(2)

6.2.4 Retroflection

216

(1)

6.2.5 Vowel shortening

216

(1)

6.2.6 Glottal Reinforcement

217

(7)

6.3 Deletions, Lenitions and Insertions

224

(16)

6.3.1 Deletions

224

(6)

6.3.2 Lenitions

230

(4)

6.3.3 Insertions

234

(6)

7 Stress and Rhythm

240

(25)

7.0 Introduction

240

(1)

7.1 Lexical Stress

240

(12)

7.2 Compound Stress and Phrasal Accent

252

(4)

7.2.1 Compound stress

252

(3)

7.2.2 Phrasal accent

255

(1)

7.3 Eurhythmy

256

(9)

8 Stress and Rhythm in English

265

(38)

8.1 Lexical Stress in English

265

(17)

8.1.1 Introduction

265

(2)

8.1.2 Primary stress

267

(15)

8.2 Phrasal Accent and Rhythm

282

(12)

8.3 Eurhythmy

294

(9)

8.3.1 Clash resolution by stress shift

294

(5)

8.3.2 Lapse resolution

299

(1)

8.3.3 Clash resolution by stress deletion or insertion

299

(4)

Notes

303

(6)

References

309

(6)

Language Index

315

(2)

Subject Index

317

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Phonology Theory and Description

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Phonology Theory and Description

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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