Photosensitization of Porphyrins and

Photosensitization of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines covers the scentific background to porphyrins and phthalocyanines, and applications of the compounds, especially for the application for photosensitization. It also has a review of advances in research and applications in this field.

Preface

xi

Part I Synthesis and Characterization of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

Preparation of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

General Methods for Preparation of Porphyrins

3

(6)

Synthesis of Porphyrins from natural heme

3

(2)

Synthesis of alkyl-substituted porphyrins

5

(1)

Synthesis of meso-tetraphenylporphyrins

6

(1)

Synthesis of water-soluble porphyrins

6

(1)

Synthesis of metalloporphyrins

7

(1)

Synthesis of chlorin and its derivatives

8

(1)

General Methods for Preparation of Phthalocyanines

9

(3)

Synthesis of water-soluble phthalocyanines

10

(1)

Synthesis of metallophthalocyanine

10

(2)

New Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

12

(33)

Viologen-linked porphyrins

12

(12)

Quinone-linked porphyrins

24

(5)

Pyromellitimide-linked porphyrins

29

(2)

Carotene-linked porphyrins

31

(3)

Fullerene-linked porphyrins

34

(3)

New phthalocyanines

37

(5)

References

42

(3)

Characterization of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

Optical Properties

45

(1)

Photophysical Properties of the Photoexcited State

46

(6)

Photochemical Reactions of Excited States

52

(1)

Techniques for the Study of Excited States and Photoreactions

53

(12)

References

58

(7)

Part II Application of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

Photoinduced Hydrogen Evolution

General Introduction to Photoinduced Hydrogen Evolution

65

(1)

Photoinduced Cleavage of Water

66

(3)

Photoinduced Hydrogen Evolution in Homogeneous Fourcomponent Systems

69

(38)

Bipyridinium compounds as electron carriers

73

(24)

Cytochrome c3 as an electron carrier

97

(1)

Reduction of NADP

98

(3)

Effect of micelles

101

(6)

Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Acceptor-linked Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

107

(28)

Quinone-linked porphyrins

108

(4)

Pyromellitimide-linked porphyrins

112

(2)

Fullerene (C60)-linked porphyrins

114

(3)

Viologen-linked porphyrins

117

(17)

Acceptor-linked phthalocyanines

134

(1)

Photoinduced Hydrogen Evolution with Viologen-linked Porphyrins

135

(16)

Application of phthalocyanines

142

(3)

References

145

(6)

Optical Sensors

Fundamental Aspects of Optical Oxygen Sensors

151

(3)

Phosphorescence Quenching-based Sensors

154

(10)

Fluorescence Quenching-based Sensors Using Metallophthalocyanine

164

(4)

Lumnescence Lifetime-based Sensors

168

(2)

Oxygen Sensing System by Triplet-Triplet Absorption of Porphyrins

170

(5)

Oxygen Monitoring in Living Cells by Palladium Porphyrin

175

(2)

Application of the Optical Oxygen Sensor to the Aerodynamics Field

177

(10)

References

183

(4)

Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy

Introduction to Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

187

(6)

Method of PDT

188

(1)

Reaction mechanisms of PDT

189

(2)

Photosensitizers

191

(2)

Porphyrins for PDT

193

(4)

Porphyrin oligomer

194

(2)

Zincphyrin

196

(1)

Phthalocyanines for PDT

197

(16)

Zinc-sulfophthalocyanine

199

(4)

New phthalocyanines for PDT

203

(10)

Fluorescent Compounds in Tumor Cells

213

(8)

Fluorescence from human abdominal cancer

213

(2)

Fluorescence from solid tumor of mice

215

(1)

Fluorescence from blood of tumor-implanted mouse

216

(1)

Fluorescence from cultivated HeLa cells

217

(2)

Reaction mechanism of the formation of protoporphyrin and coproporphyrin

219

(2)

Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA)

221

(7)

Antibody-photosensitizer Conjugate

228

(5)

References

231

(2)

Appendix

233

(4)

Color plates

237

(2)

Abbreviations

239

(6)

Index

245

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Photosensitization of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials