- ISBN: 9780078035036 | 0078035031
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 4/15/2013
Now in its 11th successful edition, Physical Anthropologycontinues to help students examine the dynamic relationship between humans and their environment. The plethora of new fossil finds and analyses in the field since the last edition are all reflected throughout this full color text. Students will come away with the skills needed to recognize illogical or factually incorrect statements made in the name of evolutionary theory in the popular media.
Preface xiiiAbout the Authors xvi Acknowledgments xvii List of Boxes xixChapter 1INVESTIGATING THE NATURE OF HUMANKIND 1The World of Physical Anthropology 2Studies of Physical Anthropology 2
Physical Anthropology in the World ofAnthropology 2
Conclusion 3
The Nature of Science 4Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Acknowledgments xvii List of Boxes xixChapter 1INVESTIGATING THE NATURE OF HUMANKIND 1The World of Physical Anthropology 2Studies of Physical Anthropology 2
Physical Anthropology in the World ofAnthropology 2
Conclusion 3
The Nature of Science 4Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Chapter 1INVESTIGATING THE NATURE OF HUMANKIND 1The World of Physical Anthropology 2Studies of Physical Anthropology 2
Physical Anthropology in the World ofAnthropology 2
Conclusion 3
The Nature of Science 4Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The World of Physical Anthropology 2Studies of Physical Anthropology 2
Physical Anthropology in the World ofAnthropology 2
Conclusion 3
The Nature of Science 4Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Studies of Physical Anthropology 2
Physical Anthropology in the World ofAnthropology 2
Conclusion 3
The Nature of Science 4Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Conclusion 3
The Nature of Science 4Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Hypotheses and Testing Hypotheses 4
Science and Religion 5
Summary 6Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Views on the Essence of Humans, Nature, and Time 7Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Questioning the Old Ideas 7
Early Evolutionary Ideas 8
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
What Is the Age of the Earth? 10
Humans before Adam and Eve? 11
Box 1-1 William “Strata” Smith 11Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery 12
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Darwinian Natural Selection 13
Evolution and Anti-Evolution Movements 15
Box 1-2 The Scopes Trial 16Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Box 1-3 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 18Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Evolutionary Theory after Darwin: The Grand Synthesis 19
Summary 20Key Terms 20Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Study Questions 20Critical Thinking Questions 21Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Readings 21Suggested Websites 22Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Chapter 2THE STUDY OF HEREDITY 23Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity 24Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Problems in the Study of Heredity 24
The Work of Gregor Mendel 24
Box 2-1 Gregor Mendel and the Discovery of the Laws ofHeredity 25A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
A Model of Genetic Events 26
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
What Is a Trait? 27
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 28
Summary 30Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Cytogenetics 31The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Chromosomes 31
Cell Division 32
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Reexamining Mendelian Genetics 35
Summary 39The Molecular Basis of Heredity 39Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Molecules of Life 39
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Nucleic Acids 40
Box 2-2 Facts about DNA 42Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Protein Synthesis 44
Summary 45Key Terms 46Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Study Questions 46Critical Thinking Questions 47Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Readings 47Suggested Websites 47Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Chapter 3THE MODERN STUDY OF HUMAN GENETICS 48Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Medical Genetics 49Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Blood-Type Systems 49
Human Inherited Abnormalities 51
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Other Patterns of Inheritance 53
Box 3-1 Sex and the Olympics 54Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Chromosomal Abnormalities 55
Summary 58Genetics and Human Affairs 58Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Genetics and Medicine 58
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Control of Human Biological Evolution 60
Box 3-2 Genetics and Insurance: An Ethical Dilemma 62Summary 63Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Advances in the Molecular Study of Genetics 63What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
What Is a Gene? 63
The Human Genome 64
Box 3-3 Landmarks in Genetics: The First DNA Sequence of an Animal Genome Is Decoded 65Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Box 3-4 DNA Fingerprinting 66Summary 66Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Key Terms 66Study Questions 67Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Critical Thinking Questions 67Suggested Readings 68Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Websites 68Chapter 4POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
POPULATION GENETICS 69A Model of Population Genetics 70Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Populations 70
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Genetic Equilibrium 71
Using the Genetic-Equilibrium Model 73
Summary 75Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 75Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Mutations 75
Genetic Drift, Population Bottlenecking, and the Founder Principle 77
Box 4-1 The Case of the Island of the Colorblind 79Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Box 4-2 The Case of Mad King George 80Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Gene Flow 80
Nonrandom Mating 81
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Differential Fertility 82
Box 4-3 The Population Genetics of Religious Isolates 83Summary 84Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Key Terms 84Study Questions 84Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Critical Thinking Questions 85Suggested Readings 85Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Websites 85Chapter 5NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
NATURAL SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 86Box 5-1 The Importance of Words 87Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Natural Selection 87Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Environment, Habitat, and Niche 88
The Mechanisms of Natural Selection 88
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Types of Natural Selection 90
Natural Selection in Humans 91
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Natural Selection and Sickle-Cell Anemia 93
Sexual Selection 96
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Kin Selection 98
Summary 99The Origin of Species 100The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Evolution of Subspecies 100
Box 5-2 Social Darwinism 101The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Evolution of Species 101
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Specialized and Generalized Species 103
Rates of Speciation 104
Box 5-3 Eugenics and the Reduction of Variability 105Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Some Basic Concepts in Evolutionary Theory 106
Summary 109Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Key Terms 109Study Questions 110Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Critical Thinking Questions 110Suggested Readings 110Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Websites 111Chapter 6PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
PEOPLE’S PLACE IN NATURE 112Taxonomy 113Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Linnaeus’s Classification 113
Box 6-1 The Diversity of Life 114The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Taxonomic Hierarchy 114
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Basis of Modern Taxonomy 115
Determining Evolutionary Relationships 116
Box 6-2 The Feet of Whales 117Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Cladistics 119
Box 6-3 Linnaean Systematics in the Twenty-First Century 121Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Summary 121People and the Animal World 122The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Animal Kingdom 122
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Phylum Chordata 122
The Vertebrates 122
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Mammals 124
Summary 129Key Terms 130Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Study Questions 130Critical Thinking Questions 130Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Readings 131Suggested Websites 131Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Chapter 7THE LIVING PRIMATES 132The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Primate Order 133The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Evolution of the Primates 133
Characteristics of the Primates 134
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Senses 134
Box 7-1 The Advantages of Color Vision 135The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Growth and Development of Primates 136
Summary 138The Living Primates 139The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Lemuriformes 139
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Tarsiiformes 143
The New World Monkeys 144
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Old World Monkeys 145
The Apes 147
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Gibbons 148
Box 7-2 Talking about Apes and Humans 149The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Orangutan 150
The African Great Apes 151
Box 7-3 The Discovery of the Gorilla 152Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Humans 155
Box 7-4 Vanishing Primates 156Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Summary 156Key Terms 157Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Study Questions 157Critical Thinking Questions 157Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Readings 157Suggested Websites 158Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Chapter 8COMPARATIVE STUDIES: ANATOMY AND GENETICS 159Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Locomotor Patterns among the Primates 160
Comparative Anatomy of Primate Locomotion 162
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Hominoid Skeleton 163
Adaptations for Erect Bipedalism 165
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Comparative Anatomy of the Hand 167
Summary 169Comparative Anatomy of the Skull and the Brain 170Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Positioning of the Skull on the Spine 170
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Sense Organs 170
The Evolution of the Brain 172
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Primate Dentition 174
Box 8-1 The Ultrastructure of Tooth Enamel 176The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Jaw 179
Summary 181Comparative Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology 181Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Comparative Cytogenetics 182
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Comparative Studies of Proteins 184
Comparative Genomics 186
Summary 187Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Key Terms 187Study Questions 188Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Critical Thinking Questions 188Suggested Readings 188Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Websites 189Chapter 9NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
NONHUMAN PRIMATE BEHAVIOR 190Primate Behavior 191Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Kinds of Primate Social Organization 191
Box 9-1 The Behavior of the Dwarf Lemur 193Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Methods in the Study of Primate Behavior 194
Box 9-2 The Rhesus Monkeys of Cayo Santiago 195Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Summary 196Case Studies of Primate Behavior 196Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Social Behavior of the Gibbon 196
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Social Behavior of the Gelada 198
Social Behavior of the Savanna Baboon 200
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Social Behavior of the Chimpanzee 206
Box 9-3 The Sexual Behavior of the Bonobo 209Summary 211Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Key Terms 211Study Questions 211Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Critical Thinking Questions 212Suggested Readings 212Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Suggested Websites 213Chapter 10HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN PERSPECTIVE 214Social Behavior of Human Foragers 215The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
The Structure of the Human Band 215
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Age and Diet 217
Summary 219Are Humans Unique? 219Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Culture 220
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Protoculture among Nonhuman
Primates 221
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Human Universals 222
Communication 224
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Language 225
Box 10-1 Bird and Human Communication: Alex the Parrot and the FOXP2 Gene 228Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228
Summary 231Key Terms 232Study Questions 232
Intelligence in Nonhuman Primates 228