Physical Geology Exploring the Earth (with Earth Systems Today CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

, by Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed

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ISBN: 9780534572228 | 0534572227
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/12/2000

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Supplemental Materials

Understanding Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology

(30)

Prologue

(1)

Introduction to Earth Systems

(3)

What Is Geology?

(3)

Perspective 1.1: The Aral Sea

(2)

How Is Geology Related to the Human Experience?

(1)

How Does Geology Affect Our Everyday Lives?

(1)

Global Geologic and Environmental Issues Facing Humankind

(2)

The Origin of the Solar System and the Differentiation of Early Earth

(1)

Why Is Earth a Dynamic Planet?

(1)

Geology and the Formulation of Theories

(1)

Plate Tectonic Theory

(3)

Perspective 1.2: The Formulation of Plate Tectonic Theory

(1)

The Rock Cycle

(2)

The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics

(1)

What Is Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism?

(1)

Why Is the Study of Geology Important?

(2)

Guest Essay: Science: Preserving Our Heritage

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Important Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Points to Ponder

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

(1)

Minerals

(30)

Prologue

(3)

Introduction

(1)

What Does Matter Consist Of?

(4)

Elements and Atoms

(2)

Bonding and Compounds

(1)

Ionic Bonding

(1)

Covalent Bonding

(1)

Metallic and Van Der Waals Bonds

(1)

What Are Minerals?

(3)

Naturally Occurring Inorganic Substances

(1)

Mineral Crystals

(1)

Chemical Composition of Minerals

(1)

Guest Essay: Mineralogy: A Career with Diverse Pursuits

(1)

Physical Properties of Minerals

(1)

How Many Minerals Are Known?

(1)

Mineral Groups Recognized by Geologists

(6)

Perspective 2.1: The Precious Metals

(2)

The Silicate Minerals

(1)

Ferromagnesian Silicates

(1)

Nonferromagnesian Silicates

(1)

Carbonate Minerals

(1)

Other Mineral Groups

(1)

How Are Minerals Identified?

(4)

Color and Luster

(1)

Crystal Form

(1)

Perspective 2.2: Quartz-Common, Interesting, Attractive, and Useful

(1)

Cleavage and Fracture

(2)

Hardness

(1)

Specific Gravity

(1)

Other Properties Used in Identifying Minerals

(1)

Where and How Do Minerals Originate?

(1)

Rock-Forming Minerals

(1)

Mineral Resources and Reserves

(3)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Important Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Points to Ponder

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

(1)

Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity

(30)

Prologue

(2)

Introduction

(1)

The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava

(2)

The Composition of Magma

(1)

How Hot Are Magma and Lava?

(1)

Viscosity---Resistance to Flow

(1)

How Does Magma Originate and Change?

(4)

Bowen's Reaction Series

(1)

The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges

(1)

Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma

(1)

Processes Resulting in Chemical Changes in Magma

(1)

Igneous Rocks---What Are They, and What Are Their Characteristics?

(9)

Igneous Rock Textures

(1)

The Composition of Igneous Rocks

(1)

Guest Essay: Monitoring Volcanic Activity

(1)

Classifying Igneous Rocks

(1)

Ultramafic Rocks

(1)

Basalt-Gabbro

(1)

Andesite-Diorite

(1)

Rhyolite-Granite

(1)

Pegmatite

(1)

Other Igneous Rocks

(1)

Perspective 3.1: Complex Pegmatites

(2)

Intrusive Igneous Bodies: Plutons---Their Characteristics and Origins

(2)

Dikes and Sills

(2)

Laccoliths

(1)

Volcanic Pipes and Necks

(1)

Batholiths and Stocks

(1)

How Are Batholiths Emplaced in Earth's Crust?

(5)

Perspective 3.2: Some Remarkable Volcanic Necks

(3)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Important Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Points to Ponder

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

(1)

Volcanism

(36)

Prologue

(2)

Introduction

(1)

Volcanism

(5)

Volcanic Gases

(2)

Lava Flows and Pyroclastic Materials

(3)

What Are Volcanoes?

(15)

Perspective 4.1: Columnar Jointing

100

(2)

Shield Volcanoes

102

(2)

Cinder Cones

104

(1)

Composite Volcanoes

105

(2)

Lava Domes

107

(1)

Perspective 4.2: Eruptions of Cascade Range Volcanoes

108

(4)

Perspective 4.3: Tuff Rings and Maar Craters

112

(2)

Do All Eruptions Build Up Volcanoes?

114

(1)

Fissure Eruptions

114

(1)

Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits

114

(1)

Is It Possible to Forecast Eruptions?

115

(2)

How Large Is an Eruption?

117

(1)

Distribution of Volcanoes

117

(1)

Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons

118

(3)

Guest Essay: Volcanology: The Challenge of Volcanoes

120

(1)

Chapter Summary

121

(1)

Important Terms

122

(1)

Review Questions

122

(1)

Points to Ponder

123

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

124

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

125

(1)

Weathering, Erosion, and Soil

126

(30)

Prologue

127

(2)

Introduction

129

(1)

How Do Physical Processes Disaggregate Earth Materials?

129

(4)

Frost Action

130

(1)

Pressure Release

130

(2)

Expansion and Contraction Caused by Heating and Cooling

132

(1)

Growth of Salt Crystals

132

(1)

Organisms and Mechanical Weathering

132

(1)

Chemical Weathering---Decomposition of Earth Materials

133

(6)

Solution

133

(1)

Oxidation

134

(1)

Hydrolysis

135

(1)

Perspective 5.1: Industrialization and Acid Rain

136

(2)

Guest Essay: Using Geologic Analyses to Suggest a New Date for the Great Sphinx

138

(1)

How Fast Does Chemical Weathering Take Place?

139

(2)

Particle Size and the Rate of Chemical Weathering

139

(1)

Climate and Chemical Weathering

140

(1)

The Importance of Parent Material

140

(1)

Soil---One Product of Mechanical and Chemical Weathering

141

(1)

The Soil Profile

141

(1)

What Factors Are Important in Soil Formation?

142

(3)

Climate and Soil

142

(1)

Parent Material

143

(2)

Activities of Organisms

145

(1)

The Lay of the Land---Relief and Slope

145

(1)

Time

145

(1)

Expansive Soils

145

(1)

Erosion and Physical and Chemical Deterioration of Soils

146

(5)

Perspective 5.2: The Dust Bowl---An American Tragedy

148

(3)

Weathering and Mineral Resources

151

(1)

Chapter Summary

152

(1)

Important Terms

152

(1)

Review Questions

153

(1)

Points to Ponder

154

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

155

(1)

Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks

156

(34)

Prologue

157

(2)

Introduction---What Is Sediment, and How Does It Originate?

159

(1)

Sediment Transport and Deposition

160

(2)

How Is Sediment Transformed into Sedimentary Rock?

162

(1)

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

163

(6)

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

163

(1)

Conglomerate and Sedimentary Breccia

164

(1)

Sandstone

164

(1)

Mudrock

165

(1)

Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

166

(1)

Limestone and Dolostone

166

(1)

Evaporites

167

(1)

Chert

167

(1)

Coal

168

(1)

Sedimentary Facies---Recognizable Differences in Rock Layers

169

(1)

Marine Transgressions and Regressions

169

(1)

Reading the Story in Sedimentary Rocks

170

(11)

Sedimentary Structures

170

(2)

Fossils

172

(2)

Perspective 6.1: Concretions and Geodes

174

(2)

Perspective 6.2: Fossils---Much More Common than Most People Realize

176

(3)

Determining the Environment of Deposition

179

(2)

What Important Resources Are Found in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks?

181

(5)

Petroleum and Natural Gas

182

(1)

Oil Shale and Tar Sands

183

(1)

Coal

183

(1)

Uranium

183

(1)

Banded Iron Formation

184

(1)

Guest Essay: Exploring for Oil and Natural Gas

185

(1)

Chapter Summary

186

(1)

Important Terms

186

(1)

Review Questions

187

(1)

Points to Ponder

188

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

188

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

189

(1)

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

190

(24)

Prologue

191

(2)

Introduction

193

(1)

What Are the Agents of Metamorphism?

194

(2)

Heat

194

(1)

Pressure

194

(1)

Fluid Activity

195

(1)

Perspective 7.1: Asbestos

196

(1)

What Are the Three Types of Metamorphism?

196

(4)

Contact Metamorphism

196

(3)

Dynamic Metamorphism

199

(1)

Regional Metamorphism

199

(1)

How Are Metamorphic Rocks Classified?

200

(4)

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

200

(3)

Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks

203

(1)

What Are Metamorphic Zones and Facies?

204

(3)

Guest Essay: Conservation and Museum Science: Geology in the Preservation and Understanding of Cultural Heritage

205

(2)

How Does Metamorphism Relate to Plate Tectonics?

207

(1)

Metamorphism and Natural Resources

208

(2)

Perspective 7.2: Graphite

209

(1)

Chapter Summary

210

(1)

Important Terms

210

(1)

Review Questions

211

(1)

Points to Ponder

212

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

212

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

213

(1)

Geologic Time

214

(34)

Prologue

215

(1)

Introduction

216

(2)

Perspective 8.1: Geologic Time and Climate Change

217

(1)

How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History?

218

(1)

Who Is James Hutton, and Why Are His Contributions to Geology Important?

218

(2)

What Are Relative-Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?

220

(8)

Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating

220

(2)

Unconformities

222

(5)

Applying the Priciples of Relative Dating

227

(1)

How Do Geologists Correlate Rock Units?

228

(4)

Subsurface Correlation

231

(1)

What Are Absolute-Dating Methods, and Why Are They Important?

232

(1)

Atoms, Elements, and Isotopes

232

(1)

Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives

232

(2)

Perspective 8.2: Radon: The Silent Killer

234

(2)

Sources of Uncertainty

236

(2)

Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs

238

(1)

Fission Track Dating

238

(1)

Guest Essay: Paleontology: The Perspective of Time

239

(1)

Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating Methods

239

(2)

How Was the Geologic Time Scale Developed?

241

(1)

Chapter Summary

242

(1)

Important Terms

243

(1)

Review Questions

243

(2)

Points to Ponder

245

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

246

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

247

(1)

Earthquakes

248

(40)

Prologue

249

(1)

Introduction

250

(2)

Elastic Rebound Theory

252

(1)

Seismology

252

(4)

Earthquakes---Where and How Often?

256

(4)

Perspective 9.1: The San Andreas Fault---One Segment of the Circum-Pacific Belt

258

(2)

Seismic Waves

260

(2)

Body Waves

260

(1)

Surface Waves

260

(2)

Guest Essay: Seismology: A Link Between the Public and Science

262

(1)

How Is an Earthquake's Epicenter Located?

262

(2)

How Large Are Earthquakes?

264

(5)

Intensity

265

(1)

Magnitude

265

(4)

The Destructive Effects of Earthquakes

269

(8)

Ground Shaking

269

(1)

Perspective 9.2: Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures

270

(3)

Fire

273

(1)

Killer Waves---Tsunami

273

(3)

Ground Failure

276

(1)

Earthquake Prediction

277

(3)

Earthquake Precursors

278

(1)

Dilatancy Model

279

(1)

Earthquake Prediction Programs

279

(1)

Earthquake Control

280

(3)

Chapter Summary

283

(1)

Important Terms

283

(1)

Review Questions

284

(1)

Points to Ponder

285

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

286

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

287

(1)

Earth's Interior

288

(26)

Prologue

289

(1)

Introduction

290

(2)

Seismic Waves---Clues to Earth's Internal Structure

292

(1)

How Was Earth's Core Discovered?

293

(2)

Density and Composition of the Core

294

(1)

Earth's Mantle

295

(2)

Structure, Density, and Composition of the Mantle

296

(1)

Seismic Tomography and Earth's Interior

297

(2)

Perspective 10.1: Kimberlite Pipes---Windows to the Mantle

298

(1)

Earth's Outermost Part---Continental and Oceanic Crust

299

(1)

How Hot Is Earth's Interior?

300

(1)

Heat Flow

300

(1)

What Is Gravity, and How Is Its Force Determined?

301

(2)

Floating Continents?---The Principle of Isostasy

303

(2)

Earth's Magnetic Field

305

(5)

Inclination and Declination of the Magnetic Field

306

(1)

Magnetic Anomalies

307

(1)

Magnetic Reversals

308

(1)

Guest Essay: Geology: An Unexpected but Rewarding Career

309

(1)

Chapter Summary

310

(1)

Important Terms

310

(1)

Review Questions

311

(1)

Points to Ponder

312

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

313

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

313

(1)

Seafloor

314

(32)

Prologue

315

(2)

Introduction

317

(2)

Early Exploration of the Oceans

319

(1)

How Are Oceans Explored Today?

319

(2)

What Are the Continental Margins?

321

(4)

The Continental Shelf

322

(1)

The Continental Slope and Rise

322

(1)

Turbidity Currents, Submarine Canyons, and Submarine Fans

323

(1)

Types of Continental Margins

324

(1)

What Features Are Found in the Deep-Ocean Basins?

325

(7)

Perspective 11.1: Opening and Closing Oceans

326

(1)

Abyssal Plains

326

(1)

Oceanic Trenches

327

(2)

Oceanic Ridges

329

(1)

Submarine Hydrothermal Vents

330

(1)

Fractures in the Seafloor

331

(1)

Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges

331

(1)

Sedimentation and Sediments on the Deep Seafloor

332

(1)

How Are Reefs Made by Organisms?

333

(4)

Guest Essay: The Future Beneath the Sea

337

(1)

What Is the Structure and Composition of the Oceanic Crust?

337

(1)

What Resources Come from Seawater and the Seafloor?

338

(4)

Perspective 11.2: Oceanic Circulation and Resources from the Sea

340

(2)

Chapter Summary

342

(1)

Important Terms

342

(1)

Review Questions

343

(1)

Points to Ponder

344

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

344

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

345

(1)

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

346

(34)

Prologue

347

(1)

Introduction

348

(1)

What Were Some Early Ideas About Continental Drift?

349

(1)

Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis

349

(1)

What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift?

350

(5)

Continental Fit

350

(1)

Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges

351

(1)

Glacial Evidence

352

(1)

Fossil Evidence

353

(1)

Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering

354

(1)

What Is Seafloor Spreading?

355

(5)

Perspective 12.1: Paleogeographic Reconstructions and Maps

356

(2)

Deep-Sea Drilling and the Confirmation of Seafloor Spreading

358

(2)

Why Is Plate Tectonics a Unifying Theory?

360

(1)

The Supercontinent Cycle

360

(1)

What Are the Three Types of Plate Boundaries?

361

(8)

Perspective 12.2: Tectonics of the Terrestrial Planets

362

(1)

Divergent Boundaries

363

(1)

An Example of Ancient Rifting

364

(1)

Convergent Boundaries

365

(1)

Oceanic-Oceanic Boundaries

365

(1)

Oceanic-Continental Boundaries

366

(1)

Continental-Continental Boundaries

366

(1)

Recognizing Ancient Convergent Plate Boundaries

366

(3)

Transform Boundaries

369

(1)

How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined?

369

(3)

Hot Spots and Absolute Motion

371

(1)

What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics?

372

(1)

Guest Essay: Geology Meets Public Policy

373

(1)

How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources?

373

(3)

Mineral Deposits

374

(1)

Petroleum

374

(2)

Chapter Summary

376

(1)

Important Terms

376

(1)

Review Questions

377

(1)

Points to Ponder

378

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

379

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

379

(1)

Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Evolution of Continents

380

(42)

Prologue

381

(1)

Introduction

382

(1)

Rock Deformation-What Does It Mean, and How Does It Occur?

383

(2)

Strike and Dip-Determining the Orientation of Rock Layers

385

(2)

Deformation and Geologic Structures

387

(13)

Folded Rock Layers

387

(1)

Monoclines, Anticlines, and Synclines

387

(1)

Perspective 13.1: Compression, Tension, and Stone as Building Material

388

(4)

Plunging Folds

392

(2)

Domes and Basins

394

(1)

Joints

395

(2)

Faults

397

(2)

Dip-Slip Faults

399

(1)

Strike-Slip Faults

400

(1)

Oblique-Slip Faults

400

(1)

Deformation and the Origin of Mountains

400

(4)

Types of Mountains

401

(1)

Perspective 13.2: Geologic Maps: Their Construction and Uses

402

(2)

How Do Mountains Form?

404

(4)

Plate Boundaries and Mountain Building Orogenies at Oceanic-Oceanic

404

(1)

Plate Boundaries

404

(1)

Orogenies at Oceanic-Continental Plate Boundaries

404

(1)

Orogenies at Continental-Continental Plate Boundaries

405

(3)

Terranes and the Origin of Mountains

408

(1)

How Did the Continents Form and Evolve?

409

(8)

Shields and Cratons

409

(2)

The Geologic Evolution of North America

411

(1)

Perspective 13.3: Terranes and the Geology of San Francisco, California

412

(5)

Chapter Summary

417

(1)

Important Terms

418

(1)

Review Questions

418

(1)

Points to Ponder

419

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

420

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

421

(1)

Mass Wasting

422

(32)

Prologue

423

(1)

Introduction

424

(1)

What Factors Influence Mass Wasting?

425

(5)

Slope Angle

426

(1)

Weathering and Climate

426

(2)

Water Content

428

(1)

Vegetation

428

(1)

Overloading

428

(1)

Geology and Slope Stability

428

(1)

Triggering Mechanisms

429

(1)

What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting?

430

(13)

Perspective 14.1: The Tragedy of Aberfan, Wales

431

(1)

Falls

432

(1)

Slides

432

(3)

Flows

435

(7)

Complex Movements

442

(1)

How Can We Recognize and Minimize the Effects of Mass Movements?

443

(8)

Perspective 14.2: The Vaiont Dam Disaster

444

(2)

Guest Essay: Engineering Geology: Using Geologic Principles for Practical Solutions

446

(5)

Chapter Summary

451

(1)

Important Terms

451

(1)

Review Questions

452

(1)

Points to Ponder

453

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

453

(1)

Running Water

454

(40)

Prologue

455

(2)

Introduction

457

(1)

The Hydrologic Cycle

458

(4)

Perspective 15.1: Dams, Reservoirs, and Hydroelectric Power

460

(2)

Running Water

462

(3)

Sheet Flow Versus Channel Flow

463

(1)

Stream Gradient

463

(1)

Velocity and Discharge

463

(2)

Running Water and Erosion

465

(1)

How Does Running Water Transport and Deposit Sediment?

466

(2)

Streams and Their Deposits

468

(7)

The Deposits of Braided Streams

468

(1)

Meandering Streams and Their Deposits

469

(2)

Deposits on Floodplains

471

(1)

Deltas

472

(2)

Alluvial Fans

474

(1)

Can Floods Be Predicted and Controlled?

475

(5)

Guess Essay: Remediation and Management of Hazardous Wastes

476

(2)

Perspective 15.2: The Flood of `93

478

(2)

Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns

480

(2)

The Significance of Base Level

482

(2)

What Is a Graded Stream?

484

(1)

How Do Valleys Form and Evolve?

485

(4)

Stream Terraces

486

(1)

Incised Meanders

487

(1)

Perspective 15.3: Natural Bridges

488

(1)

Superposed Streams

489

(1)

Valley Development-A Summary

489

(2)

Chapter Summary

491

(1)

Important Terms

491

(1)

Review Questions

492

(1)

Points to Ponder

493

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

493

(1)

Groundwater

494

(38)

Prologue

495

(2)

Introduction

497

(1)

Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle

497

(1)

What Properties of Earth Materials Allow Them to Absorb Water?

497

(1)

What Is the Water Table?

498

(1)

How Does Groundwater Move?

499

(1)

What Are Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems?

500

(8)

Springs

500

(1)

Water Wells

501

(1)

Perspective 16.1: Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky

502

(3)

Artesian Springs and Wells

505

(2)

Guest Essay: Restoring Earth

507

(1)

How Does Groundwater Erode and Deposit Material?

508

(5)

Sinkholes and Karst Topography

508

(2)

Caves and Cave Deposits

510

(3)

How Do Humans Impact the Groundwater System, and What Are the Effects?

513

(6)

Lowering the Water Table

513

(1)

Saltwater Incursion

514

(1)

Subsidence

515

(2)

Groundwater Contamination

517

(2)

Groundwater Quality

519

(1)

Hydrothermal Activity-What Is It, and Where Does It Occur?

519

(9)

Hot Springs

519

(1)

Perspective 16.2: Radioactive Waste Disposal

520

(3)

Geysers

523

(1)

Geothermal Energy

524

(2)

Perspective 16.3: Energy from Earth's Internal Heat

526

(2)

Chapter Summary

528

(1)

Important Terms

528

(1)

Review Questions

529

(1)

Points to Ponder

530

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

530

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

531

(1)

Glaciers and Glaciation

532

(40)

Prologue

533

(2)

Introduction

535

(1)

Glaciers-Part of the Hydrologic Cycle

535

(1)

How Does Glacial Ice Originate?

536

(1)

What Kinds of Glaciers Exist?

537

(2)

Accumulation and Wastage-The Glacial Budget

539

(1)

How Fast Do Glaciers Move?

540

(2)

Perspective 17.1: Surging Glaciers

542

(1)

How Glaciers Erode and Transport Sediment

542

(11)

Erosion by Valley Glaciers

544

(1)

U-Shaped Glacial Troughs

544

(3)

Hanging Valleys

547

(1)

Cirques, Aretes, and Horns

547

(1)

Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms

548

(2)

Perspective 17.2: Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, and Glacier National Park, Montana

550

(3)

Glacier Deposits

553

(6)

Landforms Composed of Till

553

(1)

End Moraines

553

(2)

Lateral and Medial Moraines

555

(1)

Drumlins

555

(1)

Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift

556

(1)

Outwash Plains and Valley Trains

556

(3)

Kames and Eskers

559

(1)

Deposits in Glacial Lakes

559

(1)

The Ice Age-What Was It, and When Did It Take Place?

559

(7)

Guest Essay: Understanding Ice: A Career in Glaciology

560

(1)

Pleistocene Climates

561

(1)

Pluvial and Proglacial Lakes

561

(2)

Glaciation and Changes in Sea Level

563

(1)

Perspective 17.3: Glacial Lake Missoula and the Channeled Scablands

564

(2)

Glaciers and Isostasy

566

(1)

What Causes Ice Ages?

566

(2)

The Milankovitch Theory

566

(1)

Short-Term Climatic Events

567

(1)

Chapter Summary

568

(1)

Important Terms

568

(1)

Review Questions

569

(1)

Points to Ponder

570

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

570

(2)

The Work of Wind and Deserts

572

(30)

Prologue

573

(1)

Introduction

574

(1)

How Does Wind Transport Sediment?

575

(1)

Bed Load

575

(1)

Suspended Load

575

(1)

How Does Wind Erode?

576

(3)

Abrasion

576

(1)

Deflation

577

(2)

What Are the Different Types of Wind Deposits?

579

(5)

The Formation and Migration of Dunes

579

(1)

Dune Types

580

(3)

Loess

583

(1)

What Is the Distribution of Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns?

584

(2)

Guest Essay: Controlling Dust Storms Through Revegetation

586

(1)

Where Do Deserts Occur?

586

(1)

What Are the Characterstics of Deserts?

587

(6)

Temperature, Precipitation, and Vegetation

587

(1)

Perspective 18.1: Death Valley National Park

588

(2)

Perspective 18.2: Petroglyphs

590

(2)

Weathering and Soils

592

(1)

Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater

593

(1)

Wind

593

(1)

What Types of Landforms Are Found in Deserts?

593

(5)

Perspective 18.3: The Geologic History of Uluru and Kata Tijuta

596

(2)

Chapter Summary

598

(1)

Important Terms

599

(1)

Review Questions

599

(1)

Points to Ponder

600

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

601

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

601

(1)

Shorelines and Shoreline Processes

602

(38)

Prologue

603

(2)

Introduction

605

(1)

Shorelines and Shoreline Processes

606

(8)

Tides

607

(1)

Waves

608

(2)

Perspective 19.1: Energy from the Oceans

610

(2)

Wave Generation

612

(1)

Shallow-Water Waves and Breakers

612

(1)

Nearshore Currents and Sediment Transport

613

(1)

Wave Refraction and Longshore Currents

613

(1)

Rip Currents

614

(1)

Deposition Along Shorelines

614

(13)

Beaches

614

(3)

Seasonal Changes in Beaches

617

(2)

Spits and Baymouth Bars

619

(1)

Perspective 19.2: Cape Cod, Massachusetts

620

(4)

Barrier Islands

624

(1)

The Nearshore Sediment Budget

624

(3)

Guest Essay: From Abyssal Plains to Beaches: A Geologist's Career

627

(1)

How Are Shorelines Eroded?

627

(2)

Wave-Cut Platforms and Associated Landforms

627

(2)

How Are Coastal Areas Managed as Sea Level Rises?

629

(4)

Perspective 19.3: The Outer Banks of North Carolina

632

(1)

Types of Coasts

633

(3)

Submergent and Emergent Coasts

634

(2)

Chapter Summary

636

(1)

Important Terms

636

(1)

Review Questions

637

(1)

Points to Ponder

638

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

638

(1)

CD-ROM Exploration

639

(1)

A History of the Universe, Solar System, and Planets

640

(31)

Prologue

641

(2)

Introduction

643

(1)

Origin of the Universe-Did It Begin with a Big Bang?

643

(2)

The Solar System-Its Origin and Early Development

645

(3)

General Characteristics of the Solar System

645

(2)

Current Theory of the Origin and Early History of the Solar System

647

(1)

Meteorites-Visitors from Space

648

(3)

Guest Essay: Geochemistry and Life on Mars

650

(1)

Planets and Moons

651

(10)

The Terrestrial Planets

651

(1)

Perspective 20.1: Meteorite Impacts and Craters

652

(2)

Perspective 20.2: The Evolution of Climate on the Terrestrial Planets

654

(1)

Mercury

654

(1)

Venus

655

(1)

Mars

656

(2)

The Jovian Planets

658

(1)

Jupiter

658

(1)

Perspective 20.3: The Moons of Mars

659

(1)

Saturn

660

(1)

Uranus

661

(1)

Neptune

661

(1)

Pluto

661

(1)

Earth-Its Origin and Differentiation

661

(2)

The Earth-Moon System: How Did It Originate?

663

(1)

The Dynamic Earth

664

(2)

Chapter Summary

666

(1)

Important Terms

667

(1)

Review Questions

667

(1)

Points to Ponder

668

(1)

World Wide Web Activities

669

(2)

Appendix A: English-Metric Conversion Chart

671

(1)

Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements

672

(2)

Appendix C: Mineral Identification Tables

674

(4)

Appendix D: Topographic Maps

678

(4)

Answers: Multiple-Choice Review Questions

682

(1)

Glossary

683

Credits

000

(1)

Index

000

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