Physical Nonequilibrium in Soils: Modeling and Application

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ISBN: 9781575040493 | 1575040492
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Copyright: 6/1/1998

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Physical Nonequilibrium in Soils provides cutting-edge knowledge on physical nonequilibrium phenomena in soils, offering unique insight into the complexity of our physical world. With 18 chapters comprising the book, topics cover · soil properties · fluid properties · mechanistic models · transfer function · geostatistics · fractal analysis · cellular-automation fluids · coupling of physical and chemical nonequilibrium models · confirming and quantifying physical nonequilibrium in soils · analytical solutions · field-scale research · environmental impacts.

Chapter 1. Coupling Sorption Rate Heterogeneity and Physical Nonequilibrium in Soils

(36)

R.J. Wagenet

W. Chen

Introduction

(1)

Literature Review

(3)

Soil Sorption-Site Heterogeneity and Nonequilibrium Processes

(1)

Soil Spatial Variability and Modeling of Flow

(1)

A Probability Distribution Approach

(17)

The Residence Time Distribution of Hydrodynamic Processes

(1)

The Residence Time of a Single Solute Particle

(2)

Statistical Ensemble Approaches

(2)

A Probabilistic Representation of Sorption Rate Heterogeneity and Multiprocess Nonequilibrium

(1)

Single Rate Sorption Coupled with Physical Nonequilibrium

(1)

Heterogeneous Sorption Coupled with Physical Nonequilibrium

(2)

Degradation

(1)

Effects of Sorption Rate Heterogeneity on Transport

(1)

Sorption Nonequilibrium

(7)

Multiprocess Nonequilibrium

(2)

Model Evaluation

(9)

Case 1

(1)

Parameter Estimation

(1)

Results and Discussion

(6)

Case 2

(2)

Summary

(2)

References

(4)

Chapter 2. Hydraulic and Physical Nonequilibrium Effects on Multiregion Flow

(26)

G.V. Wilson

J.P. Gwo

P.M. Jardine

R.J. Luxmoore

Multiregion Flow and Transport Justification

(5)

Multiregion Flow and Transport Measurement

(12)

Flow Measurement

(2)

Transport Measurement

(6)

Inter-Region Mass Transfer

(4)

Multiregion Flow and Transport Modeling

(4)

Summary

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 3. Multiprocess Nonequilibrium and Nonideal Transport of Solutes in Porous Media

(20)

M.L. Brusseau

Introduction

(1)

Impact of Nonideality Factors on Transport

(4)

Ideal Versus Nonideal Transport

(1)

Nonlinear Sorption

(1)

Rate-Limited Sorption

(1)

Structured/Locally-Heterogeneous Porous Media (Physical Nonequilibrium)

(1)

Field-Scale Heterogeneity

(1)

Multiple, Coupled Processes

(1)

Case Studies of Multifactor, Multiprocess Nonideal Transport

(5)

Laboratory Experiments

(2)

Borden Field Experiment

(3)

Cape Cod Field Experiment

(1)

Identifying Nonideal Transport Factors

(3)

Physical Heterogeneity and Physical Nonequilibrium

(2)

Reactive Transport Processes

(1)

Simulating Multifactor Nonideal Transport

(3)

Summary

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 4. Coupling of Retention Approaches to Physical Nonequilibrium Models

(34)

L. Ma

H.M. Selim

Introduction

(1)

Mobile-Immobile Physical Nonequilibrium Models (MIM)

(2)

Estimation of XXX(m) and Alpha

(2)

Generalized Chemical Retention Models

(4)

Nonlinear Multireaction Models (MRM)

(2)

A Second-Order Models (SOM)

(2)

Coupling of Chemical Equilibrium Models to MIM

(6)

Coupling Chemical Nonequilibrium to the MIM

(6)

Kinetic One-Site Adsorption Models

(2)

Multiple-Site Adsorption Models

100

(4)

Other Formulations of MIM, MRM, and SOM

104

(4)

MIM

104

(1)

MRM

104

(2)

SOM

106

(2)

Summary

108

(2)

References

110

(7)

Chapter 5. Analytical Solutions for Nonequilibrium Transport Models

117

(40)

F.J. Leij

N. Toride

Introduction

117

(1)

First-Order Transfer

118

(19)

Model Formulation

118

(1)

Two-Region Model

119

(1)

Two-Site Model

119

(1)

Dimensionless Model

120

(2)

Solution Procedure

122

(3)

Boundary Value Problem

125

(2)

Initial Value Problem

127

(1)

Production Value Problem

128

(2)

Specific Solutions

130

(1)

Boundary Value Problem

130

(1)

Initial Value Problem

131

(4)

Production Value Problem

135

(2)

Well-Defined Aggregates

137

(7)

Model Formulation

137

(1)

Spherical Aggregates

137

(1)

Rectangular Aggregates

138

(1)

Solid Cylindrical Aggregates

139

(1)

Hollow Cylindrical Aggregates

139

(1)

Equivalency Approaches

140

(1)

Shape Factors

140

(1)

Equilibrium Transport Model

141

(3)

Further Application of the Laplace Transform

144

(6)

Time Moments

144

(2)

Transfer Functions

146

(1)

Concepts

146

(2)

Nonequilibrium Transport

148

(2)

Summary

150

(1)

List of Symbols

151

(2)

References

153

(4)

Chapter 6. Use of Fractals to Describe Soil Structure

157

(38)

H.W.G. Booltink

J. Bouma

P. Droogers

Introduction

157

(1)

Quantitative characterization of soil structure

158

(9)

Experimental Setup

159

(1)

Analysis of Staining Patterns

159

(1)

Fractal Analysis

159

(1)

Morphological Methods

160

(1)

Relating Soil Structure to Hydraulic Characteristics

160

(1)

Case Study I: Morphological Characteristics to Predict Amounts of Bypass Flow

160

(3)

Case Study II: Morphological Characteristics to Predict Outflow Curves

163

(1)

Surface Storage

164

(1)

Initial Breakthrough

165

(1)

Exponential Start of Outflow

165

(2)

Linear Outflow

167

(1)

Total Outflow

167

(1)

Modeling Flow Processes Using Soil Structure

167

(10)

Case Study III: Modeling on Laboratory Scale

169

(1)

Model Description

169

(1)

Simulation Results

170

(1)

Case Study IV: Modeling on Field Scale

171

(1)

Model Description

171

(2)

Sensitivity Analysis

173

(1)

Model Calibration

174

(1)

Model Validation

175

(2)

Impact of Nonequilibrium Flow on Soil and Water Quality

177

(7)

Case Study V: Effects of Soil Structure on Root Development and the Extraction of Water

177

(1)

Experimental Layout

178

(1)

Accessibility of Water as a Result of Soil Structure and Rooting Patterns

179

(1)

Case Study VI: Field Effects of Soil Structure on Bypass and Nitrate Leaching

180

(1)

Monitoring Site

181

(1)

Bypass Flow Measurements

182

(1)

Nitrate Leaching as a Result of Bypass Flow

182

(2)

Case Study VII: Simulation Modeling to Explore Field Effects of Soil Structure

184

(5)

Structure Scenarios

185

(2)

Soil Physical Scenarios

187

(1)

Management Scenarios

188

(1)

Summarizing Scenario Results

188

(1)

Future Research Needs

189

(1)

References

189

(6)

Chapter 7. Modeling the Impact of Preferential Flow on Nonpoint Source Pollution

195

(28)

N. Jarvis

Background

195

(1)

General Physical Principles

196

(2)

Existing Models Accounting for Physical Nonequilibrium

198

(5)

Statistical Models

198

(1)

Two- and Multidomain Models

198

(1)

Functional Models

198

(1)

Dual-Porosity/Single Permeability Models

199

(1)

Dual-Porosity/Dual Permeability Models

200

(2)

Multiporosity/Multipermeability Models

202

(1)

Two-Dimensional Models

203

(1)

Applications of Physical Nonequilibrium Models

203

(13)

Model suitability and Requirements for Management Applications

203

(1)

Scope

204

(1)

Degree of Detail

204

(1)

Ease-of-Use

204

(1)

Parameterization, Calibration, and Validation

204

(1)

Calibration and Validation

204

(1)

Parameter Estimation

205

(1)

The Impact of Preferential Flow/Transport on Nonpoint Source Pollution

206

(1)

General Principles

206

(1)

Water Balance and Water Flow

206

(2)

Nonreactive Tracer

208

(2)

Nitrate Leaching

210

(2)

Pesticide Leaching

212

(2)

Salt Balance and Salt Leaching

214

(1)

Using Nonequilibrium Models to Assess the Impact of Management Practices on Nonpoint Source Pollution

214

(1)

Management Practices on Nonpoint Source Pollution

214

(1)

Salt Leaching in a Drained and Irrigated Saline Clay Soil

215

(1)

Soil Tillage and Nonpoint Source Pollution

215

(1)

Summary

216

(1)

References

217

(6)

Chapter 8. Modeling the Interaction Between Leaching and Intraped Diffusion

223

(20)

T.M. Addiscott

A.C. Armstrong

P.B. Leeds-Harrison

Introduction

223

(3)

Mobile and Immobile Water and Related Concepts

225

(1)

Early "Mobile-Immobile" Models

225

(1)

Theory and Models

226

(8)

Classical Approaches to Leaching and Diffusion

226

(1)

Diffusion

226

(1)

Simultaneous Leaching and Diffusion

227

(1)

Computer Models for Leaching and Diffusion Based on Soil Structural Concepts

228

(1)

Diffusion

228

(1)

Simultaneous Leaching and Diffusion

229

(1)

The PEDAL Model

229

(2)

The CRACK-NP Model

231

(3)

Evaluating the Models

234

(4)

PEDAL

234

(3)

CRACK-NP

237

(1)

Discussion

238

(1)

Validation

238

(1)

Ped Sizes and Size Distributions

239

(1)

Acknowledgments

239

(1)

References

239

(4)

Chapter 9. Experimental Techniques for Confirming and Quantifying Physical Nonequilibrium Processes in Soils

243

(30)

P.M. Jardine

R. O'Brien

G.V. Wilson

J.-P. Gwo

Introduction

243

(1)

Controlling Flow-Path Dynamics

244

(8)

Variations in Pore-Water Flux

244

(3)

Variations in Pressure-Head

247

(5)

Flow Interruption

252

(4)

Multiple Tracers with Different Diffusion Coefficients

256

(5)

Multiple Tracers with Grossly Different Sizes

261

(1)

Tracers for Flow-Path Mapping

262

(3)

Summary

265

(1)

References

266

(7)

Chapter 10. Transport in Unsaturated Soil: Aggregates Macropores, and Exchange

273

(24)

B. E. Clothier

I. Vogeler

S.R. Green

D.R. Scotter

Introduction

273

(1)

The Mobile-Immobile Model

274

(10)

Aggregates and Macropores

274

(1)

Theory

275

(1)

Solute Transport

275

(1)

Diffusion-Dispersion Modeling

275

(2)

Lumped Parameter Modeling

277

(1)

Water Flow

278

(1)

Parameterization

279

(1)

Hydraulic Properties

279

(1)

Chemical Transport Properties

280

(1)

Simulations

281

(1)

Diffusion by XXX

282

(2)

Dispersion by XXX

284

(1)

Mobility fraction Beta

284

(1)

Aggregates

284

(3)

Macropores

287

(3)

Exchange

290

(2)

Chemical Exchange

290

(1)

Convective Exchange

291

(1)

Prospective

292

(1)

References

293

(4)

Chapter 11. Field Parameterization of the Mobile/Immobile Domain Model

297

(14)

D.B. Jaynes

R. Horton

Introduction

297

(1)

Field Method

298

(2)

Evaluation of Multiple Tracer Approach

300

(2)

Laboratory Evaluations

302

(3)

Field Applications

305

(3)

Summary

308

(1)

References

309

(2)

Chapter 12. Transfer Function Approaches to Modeling Solute Transport in Soils

311

(38)

R.E. White

L.K. Heng

R.B. Edis

Introduction

311

(1)

Definition of the Problem

311

(1)

Variability of Solute Inputs in Soil-Plant-Animal Systems and Heterogeneity of Soil Processes at Different Scales

311

(1)

The Role of Simulation Modelling

312

(1)

Stochastic Versus Deterministic Approaches

312

(1)

Methodology

312

(11)

Solutes of Importance in Natural and Agricultural Systems

312

(1)

Tracers in Solute Transport Studies

313

(1)

Origin of Solutes

313

(1)

Surface-Applied and Indigenous Solutes

313

(2)

Pulse and Step-Change Inputs

315

(1)

Resident (Volume-Averaged) and Flux-Averaged Concentrations of Solutes

316

(1)

The Transport Volume

316

(2)

Measurement of Solute Transport

318

(1)

Size of the Experimental Unit in Relation to the Scale of Variation in Soil Properties

318

(1)

Large Intact Cores

318

(1)

Lysimeters

319

(1)

Drained Fields

320

(1)

Undrained Fields

320

(1)

Influence of Hydraulic Conditions on Solute Transport

321

(1)

Flow Rate

321

(1)

Initial Water Content

322

(1)

Modeling Approaches

323

(17)

Choice of a Simulation Model

323

(1)

Properties of the Transfer Function

323

(1)

Stationarity and Ergodic Properties of the Transfer Function

323

(1)

Travel Time and Travel Distance pdfs

324

(1)

Depth-Scaling

325

(1)

Parameterizing the pdf

326

(1)

The Fickian pdf

326

(1)

The Lognormal pdf

326

(1)

Narrow Pulse of Applied Tracer

327

(1)

A Square Pulse of Applied Solute

328

(1)

A Distributed Pulse Input

329

(1)

A Step-Change Input

329

(1)

Exponential pdf

330

(2)

Bimodal pdf

332

(1)

The Burns pdf

332

(1)

The Effect of Soil Layers

333

(1)

Solute Reactions During Transport

334

(1)

Adsorption

334

(1)

Measurement of Adsorption Isotherms Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

335

(1)

Decomposition of Labile Solutes

336

(1)

Incorporating Solute Sources and Sinks

336

(1)

Sensitivity Analysis of Model Parameters

337

(1)

Comparison of Measured and Predicted Amounts of Solute Leached

337

(1)

Extension of the TFM to Large Areas

338

(2)

Summary

340

(1)

References

341

(6)

List of Symbols

347

(2)

Chapter 13. Field-Scale Solute Transport in the Vadose Zone: Experimental Observations and Interpretation

349

(22)

M. Flury

W.A. Jury

E.J. Kladivko

Introduction

349

(1)

Solute Dispersion

350

(8)

Longitudinal Dispersivity

352

(5)

Transverse Dispersion

357

(1)

Type of Water Application

357

(1)

Dye Tracing Studies

358

(1)

Water Repellency

359

(1)

Reactive Solutes

359

(1)

Tile Drain Studies

360

(3)

Influence of Sampling Method

363

(2)

Sampling Methods

363

(1)

Suction Cups

364

(1)

Tile Drains

364

(1)

Soil Cores

364

(1)

Dye Tracing

364

(1)

Estimation of Transport Parameters

365

(1)

Summary

365

(1)

References

365

(6)

Chapter 14. Density-Coupled Water Flow and Contaminant Transport in Soils

371

(18)

R.S. Mansell

J.H. Dane

D. Shinde

H.H. Liu

Introduction

371

(1)

Flow Instability

372

(6)

Instability Due to Media Heterogeneity

372

(6)

Mathematical Description of Density-Dependent Flow in Porous Media

378

(2)

Mathematical Description of Solute Transport in Porous Media During Flow of Heterogeneous Fluids

380

(2)

Models And Applications

382

(3)

Summary

385

(1)

References

385

(4)

Chapter 15. Numerical Modeling of NAPL Dissolution Fingering in Porous Media

389

(26)

C.T. Miller

S.N. Gleyzer

P.T. Imhoff

Introduction

389

(1)

Background

390

(4)

NAPL-Aqueous Phase Mass Transfer

391

(1)

Fingering

392

(1)

Numerical Simulation

393

(1)

Linear Stability Analysis

394

(1)

Physical Experiments

395

(1)

Numerical Modeling

395

(10)

Model Formulation

395

(1)

Conservation Equations

395

(2)

Fluid Flow Equations

397

(2)

Species Transport Equations

399

(1)

Numerical Solution

400

(1)

Algorithm

400

(1)

Spatial and Temporal Approximations

400

(5)

Linear Algebra

405

(1)

Simulation Results and Discussion

405

(7)

Sensitivity Analysis and Comparison with LSA

405

(1)

Grid Size

405

(2)

Width of Initial Perturbation

407

(1)

Transverse Dispersion

408

(1)

Aqueous-Phase Relative Permeability

408

(2)

Mass Transfer Rate

410

(1)

Comparison with a Physical Experiment

410

(1)

Unresolved Issues

411

(1)

Acknowledgements

412

(1)

References

412

(3)

Chapter 16. Flow and Entrapment of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Heterogenous Soil Formations

415

(20)

T.H. Illangasekare

Introduction

415

(1)

Heterogeneity in Multiple Flow

416

(2)

Nonwetting Fluids Displacing Water Across an Interface

418

(1)

Retention of Wetting Liquids in Layered Soils

419

(2)

Nonwetting Fluids in Unsaturated Layered Soils

421

(3)

Coarse Lens in Unsaturated Soil

422

(1)

Fine Lens in Unsaturated Soil

422

(1)

Layered Unsaturated Soils

423

(1)

Nonwetting Dense Fluids in Saturated Layered Soils

424

(3)

Effects of a Fine Layer in the Saturated Zone

425

(1)

Effects of a Coarse Layer in Saturated Zone

426

(1)

Unstable Displacement of Dense Fluids in Saturated Soils

427

(2)

Preferential Flow of Light Fluids in Saturated Soils

429

(1)

Flow and Entrapment in a Random Heterogenous Field

429

(1)

Summary

430

(2)

References

432

(3)

Chapter 17. Strategies for Describing Preferential Flow: The Continuum Approach and Cellular-Automaton Fluids

435

(18)

L. Di Pietro

Introduction

435

(1)

The Continuum Approach to Preferential Flow

436

(6)

On Scales and Macroscopic Transport Equations

436

(1)

The Macroscopic Transport Equations for Unsaturated Flow in Homogeneous Porous Media

437

(1)

The Applicability of the Macroscopic Approach to Soils

438

(1)

Macroscopic Approach to Soils with One Length Scale

439

(1)

Macroscopic Approach to Soils with Two Separated Length Scales

440

(1)

Macroscopic Approach to Soils with Continuous or Successively Nested Length Scales

441

(1)

Cellular Automaton Fluids

442

(6)

Introduction to Cellular-Automata

442

(1)

Structure and Properties of Cellular-Automaton Fluids

443

(1)

Application of Cellular-Automation Fluids to Transport in Porous Media

444

(1)

Flow at the Pore Scale

445

(1)

Recovering Macroscopic Laws

445

(1)

Using Automaton Fluids for Analyzing Preferential Flow

446

(2)

The Future

448

(1)

Acknowledgments

449

(1)

References

449

(4)

Chapter 18. Using GIS and Geostatistics to Model Nonequilibrium Flow at a Farm Scale

453

A.S. Rogowski

Introduction

453

(3)

Soil Variability

454

(1)

Current Methodology

455

(1)

Soil Morphology

455

(1)

Future Challenges

456

(1)

Modeling of Uncertainty

456

(5)

Soil Perspective

456

(1)

Geostatistical Approach

457

(2)

Sequential Indicator Simulation

459

(2)

Applications

461

(7)

Selection of Conditioning Data

461

(3)

Modeling Soil Water Recharge

464

(1)

Simulation of Spatial Distribution

464

(2)

Practical Implications

466

(2)

References

468

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Physical Nonequilibrium in Soils: Modeling and Application

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Physical Nonequilibrium in Soils: Modeling and Application

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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