Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena

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ISBN: 9780486420028 | 0486420027
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Copyright: 3/15/2002

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The physical and chemical processes occurring in gases at high temperatures are the focus of this outstanding text by two distinguished physicists. They discuss essential physical influences on the dynamics and thermodynamics of continuous media, combining material from such disciplines as gas dynamics, shock-wave theory, thermodynamics and statistical physics, molecular physics, spectroscopy, radiation theory, astrophysics, solid-state physics, and other fields. Originally published in two volumes, 1966-1967. 284 b/w illustrations.

Son of a Gambling Man
Ronald F. Probstein, Ford Professor of Engineering, Emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has had a long career in engineering research and has made significant contributions in many areas from ballistic missile design, to hypersonic flight theory, to the field of synthetic fuels, a subject of obvious importance to everyone. His 1959 book, Hypersonic Flow Theory, co-authored with Wallace D. Hayes, and reprinted by Dover in 2004 as Hypersonic Inviscid Flow, is still the basic book on this subject. Synthetic Fuels, written with R. Edwin Hicks, is certainly one of the most important and timely engineering texts ever reprinted by Dover.

In addition to their own writings, Probstein and Hayes edited the English translation of a major text by two distinguished Russian physicists, Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer, Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena. 　

However, Dr. Probstein's literary legacy isn't all about hard science. In 2009 he published an evocatively entertaining memoir of his father and their life in Depression-era New York, Honest Sid: Memoir of a Gambling Man. Even though not a Dover book, it is certainly highly recommended.

Critical Acclaim for Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena:
"The republication by Dover Publications of this masterwork by Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer will be welcomed by all workers dealing with high-temperature (radiating) flows. This book is a virtual 'bible' for studies of shocks and radiation fronts in high speed aeronautics, astronautics (re-entry), astrophysics, fireballs, shock tubes, and very intense explosions.

Zel'dovich was a physicist of extraordinary breadth of interests. The style of this book is to give heuristic explanations followed by rigorous analysis. It is insightful for both beginning students and researchers in the field. This book is an ABSOLUTE MUST for anyone working on the subjects listed above."

"I URGE anyone working in astrophysics and high-temperature flow physics to buy, read, enjoy, and be enlightened by this masterpiece." — Dimitri Mihalas, co-author of Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics

Preface to the Dover Edition

Editors' Foreword

vii

Preface to the English Edition

Preface to the First Russian Edition

xiii

Preface to the Second Russian Edition

xvii

Elements of gasdynamics and the classical theory of shock waves

Continuous flow of an inviscid nonconducting gas

(44)

The equations of gasdynamics

(3)

Lagrangian coordinates

(3)

Sound waves

(6)

Spherical sound waves

(2)

Characteristics

(4)

Plane isentropic flow. Riemann invariants

(5)

Plane isentropic gas flow in a bounded region

(3)

Simple waves

(2)

Distortion of the wave form in a traveling wave of finite amplitude. Some properties of simple waves

(4)

The rarefaction wave

(5)

The centered rarefaction wave as an example of self-similar gas motion

(5)

On the impossibility of the existence of a centered compression wave

(2)

Shock waves

(24)

Introduction to the gasdynamics of shock waves

(4)

Hugoniot curves

(1)

Shock waves in a perfect gas with constant specific heats

(5)

Geometric interpretation of the laws governing compression shocks

(4)

Impossibility of rarefaction shock waves in a fluid with normal thermodynamic properties

(4)

Weak shock waves

(4)

Shock waves in a fluid with anomalous thermodynamic properties

(2)

Viscosity and heat conduction in gasdynamics

(15)

Equations of one-dimensional gas flow

(4)

Remarks on the second viscosity coefficient

(1)

Remarks on the absorption of sound

(1)

The structure and thickness of a weak shock front

(9)

Various problems

(92)

Propagation of an arbitrary discontinuity

(9)

Strong explosion in a homogeneous atmosphere

(4)

Approximate treatment of a strong explosion

(2)

Remarks on the point explosion with counterpressure

(2)

Sudden isentropic expansion of a spherical gas cloud into vacuum

101

(3)

Conditions for the self-similar sudden expansion of a gas cloud into vacuum

104

(3)

Thermal radiation and radiant heat exchange in a medium

Introduction and basic concepts

107

(4)

Mechanisms of emission, absorption, and scattering of light in gases

111

(4)

Equilibrium radiation and the concept of a perfect black body

115

(3)

Induced emission

118

(4)

Induced emission of radiation in the classical and quantum theories and the laser effect

122

(6)

The radiative transfer equation

128

(2)

Integral expressions for the radiation intensity

130

(3)

Radiation from a plane layer

133

(5)

The brightness temperature of the surface of a nonuniformly heated body

138

(3)

Motion of a fluid taking into account radiant heat exchange

141

(3)

The diffusion approximation

144

(5)

The ``forward-reverse'' approximation

149

(2)

Local equilibrium and the approximation of radiation heat conduction

151

(3)

Relationship between the diffusion approximation and the radiation heat conduction approximation

154

(3)

Radiative equilibrium in stellar photospheres

157

(4)

Solution to the plane photosphere problem

161

(3)

Radiation energy losses of a heated body

164

(4)

Hydrodynamic equations accounting for radiation energy and pressure and radiant heat exchange

168

(4)

The number of photons as an invariant of the classical electromagnetic field

172

(4)

Thermodynamic properties of gases at high temperatures

Gas of noninteracting particles

176

(39)

Perfect gas with constant specific heats and invariant number of particles

176

(3)

Calculation of thermodynamic functions using partition functions

179

(4)

Dissociation of diatomic molecules

183

(5)

Chemical reactions

188

(4)

Ionization and electronic excitation

192

(6)

The electronic partition function and the role of the excitation energy of atoms

198

(3)

Approximate methods of calculation in the region of multiple ionization

201

(6)

Interpolation formulas and the effective adiabatic exponent

207

(2)

The Hugoniot curve with dissociation and ionization

209

(4)

The Hugoniot relations with equilibrium radiation

213

(2)

Gases with Coulomb interactions

215

(33)

Rarefied ionized gases

215

(3)

Dense gases. Elements of Fermi-Dirac statistics for an electron gas

218

(4)

The Thomas-Fermi model of an atom and highly compressed cold materials

222

(7)

Calculation of thermodynamic functions of a hot dense gas by the Thomas-Fermi method

229

(4)

Shock tubes

The use of shock tubes for studying kinetics in chemical physics

233

(1)

Principle of operation

234

(2)

Elementary shock tube theory

236

(3)

Electromagnetic shock tubes

239

(4)

Methods of measurement for various quantities

243

(3)

Absorption and emission of radiation in gases at high temperatures

Introduction. Types of electronic transitions

246

(2)

Continuous spectra

248

(35)

Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron in the Coulomb field of an ion

248

(7)

Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron scattered by a neutral atom

255

(3)

Free-free transitions in a high-temperature ionized gas

258

(3)

Cross section for the capture of an electron by an ion with the emission of a photon

261

(3)

Continuous section for the bound-free absorption of light by atoms and ions

264

(5)

Continuous absorption coefficient in a gas of hydrogen-like atoms

269

(3)

Continuous absorption of light in a monatomic gas in the singly ionized region

272

(5)

Radiation mean free paths for multiply ionized gas atoms

277

(4)

Absorption of light in a weakly ionized gas

281

(2)

Atomic line spectra

283

(20)

Classical theory of spectral lines

283

(5)

Quantum theory of spectral lines. Oscillator strength

288

(5)

The absorption spectrum of hydrogen-like atoms. Remarks on the effect of spectral lines on the Rosseland mean free path

293

(5)

Oscillator strengths for the continuum. The sum rule

298

(2)

Radiative emission in spectral lines

300

(3)

Molecular band spectra

303

(28)

Energy levels of diatomic molecules

303

(5)

Structure of molecular spectra

308

(5)

The Frank-Condon principle

313

(3)

Probability of molecular transitions with the emission of light

316

(5)

Light absorption coefficient in lines

321

(2)

Molecular absorption at high temperatures

323

(3)

More exact calculation of the molecular absorption coefficient at high temperatures

326

(5)

Air

331

(7)

Radiative properties of high-temperature air

331

(7)

Breakdown and heating of a gas under the action of a concentrated laser beam

338

(11)

Breakdown

338

(5)

Absorption of a laser beam and heating of a gas after initial breakdown

343

(6)

Rate of relaxation processes in gases

Molecular gases

349

(33)

Establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium

349

(3)

Excitation of molecular rotations

352

(1)

Rate equations for the relaxation of molecular vibrational energy

353

(3)

Probability of vibrational excitation and the relaxation time

356

(6)

Rate equation for dissocation of diatomic molecules and the relaxation time

362

(2)

Atom recombination rates and dissociation rates for diatomic molecules

364

(4)

Chemical reactions and the activated complex method

368

(6)

Oxidation of nitrogen

374

(4)

Rate of formation of nitrogen dioxide at high temperatures

378

(4)

Ionization and recombination. Electronic excitation and deexcitation

382

(34)

Basic mechanisms

382

(4)

Ionization of unexcited atoms by electron impact

386

(4)

Excitation of atoms from the ground state by electron impact. Deexcitation

390

(2)

Ionization of excited atoms by electron impact

392

(4)

Impact transitions between excited states of an atom

396

(2)

Ionization and excitation by heavy particle collisions

398

(4)

Photoionization and photorecombination

402

(4)

Electron-ion recombination by three-body collisions (elementary theory)

406

(2)

A more rigorous theory of recombination by three-body collisions

408

(5)

Ionization and recombination in air

413

(3)

Plasma

416

(52)

Relaxation in a plasma

416

(6)

The Cited References, Author Index, and Subject Index listed on this page relate to chapters I -VI only. All three items for the entire work are listed at the end of the Contents

Cited References

422

(19)

Appendix: Some Often Used Constants, Relations Between Units, and Formulas

441

(6)

Author Index

447

(5)

Subject Index

452

(13)

Shock wave structure in gases

Introduction

465

(3)

The shock front

468

(21)

Viscous shock front

468

(9)

The role of viscosity and heat conduction in the formation of a shock front

477

(5)

Diffusion in a binary gas mixture

482

(3)

Diffusion in a shock wave propagating through a binary mixture

485

(4)

The relaxation layer

489

(37)

Shock waves in a gas with slow excitation of some degrees of freedom

489

(5)

Excitation of molecular vibrations

494

(4)

Dissociation of diatomic molecules

498

(4)

Shock waves in air

502

(3)

Ionization in a monatomic gas

505

(8)

Ionization in air

513

(2)

Shock waves in a plasma

515

(7)

Polarization of a plasma and the creation of an electric field in a shock wave

522

(4)

Radiant heat exchange in a shock front

526

(21)

Qualitative picture

526

(5)

Approximate formulation of the problem of the front structure

531

(4)

The subcritical shock wave

535

(4)

The supercritical shock wave

539

(4)

Shock waves at high energy densities and radiation pressures

543

(4)

Physical and chemical kinetics in hydrodynamic processes

Dynamics of a nonequilibrium gas

547

(17)

The gasdynamic equations in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium

547

(4)

Entropy increase

551

(2)

Anomalous dispersion and absorption of ultrasound

553

(6)

The dispersion law and the absorption coefficient for ultrasound

559

(5)

Chemical reactions

564

(7)

Oxidation of nitrogen in strong explosions in air

564

(7)

Disturbance of thermodynamic equilibrium in the sudden expansion of a gas into vacuum

571

(14)

Sudden expansion of a gas cloud

571

(2)

Freezing effect

573

(4)

Disturbance of ionization equilibrium

577

(2)

The kinetics of recombination and cooling of the gas following the disturbance of ionization equilibrium

579

(6)

Vapor condensation in an isentropic expansion

585

(13)

Saturated vapor and the origin of condensation centers

585

(3)

The thermodynamics and kinetics of the condensation process

588

(3)

Condensation in a cloud of evaporated fluid suddenly expanding into vacuum

591

(4)

On the problem of the mechanism of formation of cosmic dust. Remarks on laboratory investigations of condensation

595

(3)

Radiative phenomena in shock waves and in strong explosions in air

Luminosity of strong shock fronts in gases

598

(13)

Qualitative dependence of the brightness temperature on the true temperature behind the front

598

(5)

Photon absorption in cold air

603

(3)

Maximum brightness temperature for air

606

(3)

Limiting luminosity of very strong waves in air

609

(2)

Optical phenomena observed in strong explosions and the cooling of the air by radiation

611

(27)

General description of luminous phenomena

611

(7)

Breakaway of the shock front from the boundary of the fireball

618

(3)

Minimum luminosity effect of the fireball

621

(5)

Radiation cooling of air

626

(2)

Origin of the temperature drop-the cooling wave

628

(2)

Energy balance and propagation velocity of the cooling wave

630

(4)

Contraction of the cooling wave toward the center

634

(2)

The spark discharge in air

636

(2)

Structure of cooling wave fronts

638

(14)

Statement of the problem

638

(4)

Radiation flux from the surface of the wave front

642

(3)

Temperature distribution in the front of a strong wave

645

(3)

Consideration of adiabatic cooling

648

(4)

Thermal waves

The thermal conductivity of a fluid

652

(2)

Nonlinear (radiation) heat conduction

654

(3)

Characteristic features of heat propagation by linear and nonlinear heat conduction

657

(6)

The law of propagation of thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source

663

(1)

Self-similar thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source

664

(4)

Propagation of heat from an instantaneous point source

668

(4)

Some self-similar plane problems

672

(4)

Remarks on the penetration of heat into moving media

676

(3)

Self-similar solutions as limiting solutions of nonself-similar problems

679

(2)

Heat transfer by nonequilibrium radiation

681

(4)

Shock waves in solids

Introduction

685

(3)

Thermodynamic properties of solids at high pressures and temperatures

688

(17)

Compression of a cold material

688

(5)

Thermal motion of atoms

693

(4)

Equation of state for a material whose atoms undergo small vibrations

697

(4)

Thermal excitation of electrons

701

(3)

A three-term equation of state

704

(1)

The Hugoniot curve

705

(27)

Hugoniot curve for a condensed substance

705

(4)

Analytical representation of Hugoniot curves

709

(1)

Weak shock waves

710

(2)

Shock compression of porous materials

712

(4)

Emergence of weak shock waves from the free surface of a solid

716

(6)

Experimental methods of determining Hugoniot curves for solids

722

(8)

Determination of cold compression curves from the results of shock compression experiments

730

(2)

Acoustic waves and splitting of waves

732

(30)

Static deformation of a solid

732

(5)

Transition of a solid medium into the plastic state

737

(4)

Propagation speed of acoustic waves

741

(3)

Splitting of compression and unloading waves

744

(2)

Measurement of the speed of sound in a material compressed by a shock wave

746

(4)

Phase transitions and splitting of shock waves

750

(7)

Rarefaction shock waves in a medium undergoing a phase transition

757

(5)

Phenomena associated with the emergence of a very strong shock wave at the free surface of a body

762

(16)

Limiting cases of the solid and gaseous states of an unloaded material

762

(4)

Criterion for complete vaporization of a material on unloading

766

(4)

Experimental determination of temperature and entropy behind a very strong shock by investigating the unloaded material in the gas phase

770

(3)

Luminosity of metallic vapors in unloading

773

(4)

Remarks on the basic possibility of measuring the entropy behind a shock wave from the luminosity during unloading

777

(1)

Some other phenomena

778

(7)

Electrical conductivity of nonmetals behind shock waves

778

(3)

Measuring the index of refraction of a material compressed by a shock wave

781

(4)

Some self-similar processes in gasdynamics

Introduction

785

(9)

Transformation groups admissible by the gasdynamic equations

785

(2)

Self-similar motions

787

(3)

Conditions for self-similar motion

790

(2)

Two types of self-similar solutions

792

(2)

Implosion of a spherical shock wave and the collapse of bubbles in a liquid

794

(18)

Statement of the problem of an imploding shock wave

794

(2)

Basic equations

796

(3)

Analysis of the equations

799

(4)

Numerical results for the solutions

803

(4)

Collapse of bubbles. The Rayleigh problem

807

(3)

Collapse of bubbles. Effect of compressibility and viscosity

810

(2)

The emergence of a shock wave at the surface of a star

812

(8)

Propagation of a shock wave for a power-law decrease in density

812

(5)

On explosions of supernovae and the origin of cosmic rays

817

(3)

Motion of a gas under the action of an impulsive load

820

(29)

Statement of the problem and general character of the motion

820

(3)

Self-similar solutions and the energy and momentum conservation laws

823

(4)

Solution of the equations

827

(6)

Limitations on the similarity exponent imposed by conservation of momentum and energy

833

(1)

Passage of the nonself-similar motion into the limiting regime and the ``infinite'' energy in the self-similar solution

834

(5)

Concentrated impact on the surface of a gas (explosion at the surface)

839

(3)

Results from simplified considerations of the self-similar motions for concentrated and line impacts

842

(2)

Impact of a very high-speed meteorite on the surface of a planet

844

(2)

Strong explosion in an infinite porous medium

846

(3)

Propagation of shock waves in an inhomogeneous atmosphere with an exponential density distribution

849

(15)

Strong point explosion

849

(3)

Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of increasing density

852

(6)

Application of the self-similar solution to an explosion

858

(1)

Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of decreasing density Application to an explosion

859

(5)

Cited References

864

(17)

Appendix: Some Often Used Constants, Relations Between Units, and Formulas

881

(6)

Author Index

887

(9)

Subject Index

896

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Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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