PIC Microcontroller An Introduction to Software & Hardware Interfacing

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ISBN: 9781401839673 | 1401839673
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/2004

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This book presents a thorough introduction to the Microchip PIC? microcontroller family, including all of the PIC programming and interfacing for all the peripheral functions. A step-by-step approach to PIC assembly language programming is presented, with tutorials that demonstrate how to use such inherent development tools such as the Integrated Development Environment MPLAB, PIC18 C compiler, the ICD2 in-circuit debugger, and several demo boards. Comprehensive coverage spans the topics of interrupts, timer functions, parallel I/O ports, various serial communications such as USART, SPI, I2C, CAN, A/D converters, and external memory expansion.

Preface

xxi

Introduction to the PIC18 Microcontroller

(36)

Objectives

(1)

What Is a Computer?

(4)

The Processor

(1)

The Microprocessor

(1)

Microcontrollers

(1)

Memory

(2)

The Computer Software

(2)

Assembly Language

(1)

High-Level Languages

(1)

Overview of the PIC18 MCU

(5)

The PIC18 Memory Organization

(4)

Separation of Data Memory and Program Memory

(1)

PIC18 Data Memory

(1)

EEPROM Data Memory

(1)

Program Memory Organization

(2)

The PIC18 CPU Registers

(2)

The PIC18 Pipelining

(1)

PIC18 Instruction Format

(2)

Addressing Modes

(4)

(1)

Immediate Mode

(1)

Inherent Mode

(1)

Indirect Mode

(2)

Bit-Direct Addressing Mode

(1)

A Sample of PIC18 Instructions

(3)

Data Movement Instructions

(1)

ADD Instructions

(2)

SUB Instructions

(1)

Overview of the 8-Bit MCU Market

(4)

CISC versus RISC

(1)

Major 8-Bit MCUs

(1)

Motorola 8-Bit MCUs

(1)

Intel 8051/8052 Variants

(1)

The Atmel AVR

(1)

Summary

(2)

Exercises

(2)

PIC18 Assembly Language Programming

(52)

Objectives

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Assembly Language Program Structure

(2)

The Label Fields

(1)

The Mnemonic Field

(1)

The Operand Field

(1)

The Comment Field

(1)

Assembler Directives

(13)

Control Directives

(4)

Data Directives

(3)

Macro Directives

(1)

Listing Directives

(2)

Object File Directives

(3)

Representing the Program Logic

(2)

A Template for Writing Assembly Programs

(1)

Case Issue

(1)

Writing Programs to Perform Arithmetic Computations

(10)

Perform Addition Operations

(2)

Perform Subtraction Operations

(2)

Binary Coded Decimal Addition

(3)

Multiplication

(3)

Program Loops

(9)

Program Loop Constructs

(2)

Changing the Program Counter

(7)

Reading and Writing Data in Program Memory

(3)

Logic Instructions

(2)

Using Program Loop to Create Time Delays

(2)

Rotate Instructions

(3)

Using Rotate Instructions to Perform Multiplications and Divisions

(1)

Summary

(1)

Exercises

(2)

PIC18 Development Tools

(36)

Objectives

(1)

Development Tools

(1)

Software Tools

(1)

Text Editors

(1)

Cross Assemblers and Cross Compilers

(1)

Simulator

(1)

Source-Level Debugger

(1)

Integrated Development Environment

(1)

Hardware Tools

(4)

The Nature of Debugging Activities

(1)

ICE

(1)

Device Programmer

(1)

In-Circuit-Debugger II

(1)

Demo Boards

(1)

Using MPLAB IDE

(7)

Getting Started with MPLAB IDE

(1)

Creating a Simple Project

(3)

Entering Source Code

100

(1)

Adding Source Files to the Project

101

(1)

Building the Project

102

(1)

Debugging the Project

102

(1)

Using the MPLAB SIM in Debugging PIC18 Applications

102

(9)

Setting Up the Simulator

103

(1)

Running Code under MPLAB SIM

103

(2)

Viewing Variables

105

(1)

Using Watch Window to View Variables

105

(1)

Setting Breakpoints

106

(2)

Tracing Code

108

(2)

Advanced Simulator Options

110

(1)

Using the MPLAB ICD 2

111

(5)

ICD2 Settings

112

(4)

Demo Boards from Shuan-Shizu Enterprise

116

(4)

SSE452 Demo Board

116

(2)

SSE8720 Demo Board

118

(1)

SSE8680 Demo Board

119

(1)

Debug Monitor

120

(1)

Summary

120

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

121

(4)

Advanced Assembly Programming

125

(58)

Objectives

125

(1)

Introduction

126

(1)

Signed Arithmetic

126

(5)

Signed 8-Bit Multiplication

126

(2)

Signed 16-Bit Multiplication

128

(3)

Unsigned Divide Operation

131

(2)

Signed Divide Operation

133

(4)

The Stack

137

(2)

Stack Operations

138

(1)

Subroutines

139

(3)

Instructions for Supporting Subroutine Calls

140

(1)

Return Address Stack

141

(1)

Top-of-Stack Access

141

(1)

Return Address Stack Pointer (STKPTR)

141

(1)

Fast Register Stack

141

(1)

Table Lookup Instruction

142

(1)

Issues Related to Subroutine Calls

142

(11)

The Stack Frame

144

(1)

Accessing Locations in the Stack Frame

144

(9)

String Processing

153

(13)

More Examples on Subroutine Calls

166

(11)

Square Root Computation

171

(3)

Finding Prime Numbers

174

(3)

Summary

177

(1)

Exercises

177

(2)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

179

(4)

A Tutorial to the C Language and the Use of the C Compiler

183

(60)

Objectives

183

(1)

Introduction to C

184

(1)

Types, Operators, and Expressions

185

(3)

Data Types

185

(1)

Variable Declarations

185

(1)

Constants

185

(1)

Arithmetic Operators

186

(1)

Bitwise Operators

186

(1)

Relational and Logical Operators

187

(1)

Precedence of Operators

188

(1)

Control Flow

188

(4)

If Statement

188

(1)

If-Else Statement

189

(1)

Multiway Conditional Statement

189

(1)

Switch Statement

190

(1)

For-Loop Statement

190

(1)

While Statement

191

(1)

Do-While Statement

191

(1)

GOTO Statement

191

(1)

Input and Output

192

(1)

Functions and Program Structure

193

(3)

Pointers, Arrays, Structures, and Unions

196

(5)

Pointers and Addresses

196

(1)

Arrays

197

(1)

Pointers and Arrays

197

(1)

Passing Arrays to a Function

198

(1)

Initializing Arrays

199

(1)

Structures

199

(1)

Unions

200

(1)

Miscellaneous Items

201

(2)

Automatic/External/Static/Volatile

201

(1)

Scope Rules

202

(1)

Introduction to Project Build Process for the Microchip PIC18 Compiler

203

(1)

The MPLINK Linker

204

(5)

A Tutorial on Using the MCC18 Compiler

209

(7)

Creating a New Project

210

(2)

Setting Build Options

212

(1)

Add Source Files to Project

212

(2)

Building the Project

214

(1)

Choosing Debug Tool

214

(1)

Build the Project

214

(1)

Checking the ICD2 Settings

214

(1)

Program the Target Device

215

(1)

Running the Program

215

(1)

C Language Implementation in the MCC18 Compiler

216

(3)

Data Types and Limits

216

(1)

Storage Classes

217

(1)

Storage Qualifiers

218

(1)

Overlay

218

(1)

ANSI/ISO Divergences

219

(2)

Integer Promotions

219

(1)

Numeric Constants

220

(1)

String Constants

220

(1)

Anonymous Structures

221

(1)

Inline Assembly

221

(1)

Bit Field Manipulation in C Language

222

(3)

Processor-Specific Header Files

223

(2)

Processor-Specific Register Definition Files

225

(1)

The #pragma Statement

225

(1)

#pragma Section Type

225

(1)

Mixing C and Assembly

226

(6)

Calling Conventions

226

(2)

Return Values

228

(1)

Calling C Routines from an Assembly Program

228

(1)

Calling Assembly Functions from a C Program

229

(1)

Referencing C Variables in an Assembly Function

230

(1)

Referencing Assembly Variables in a C Function

231

(1)

Startup Code

231

(1)

MPLAB C18 Library Functions

232

(5)

Processor-Specific Libraries

232

(1)

Processor-Independent Library

232

(1)

Character Classification Functions

232

(1)

Data Conversion Library Functions

233

(1)

Memory and String Manipulation Functions

234

(1)

Delay Functions

235

(2)

Using the Hi-Tech C18 Compiler

237

(1)

Summary

238

(1)

Exercises

239

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

240

(3)

Interrupts, Resets, and Configuration

243

(32)

Objectives

243

(1)

Basics of Interrupts

244

(4)

What Is an Interrupt?

244

(1)

Why Interrupts?

245

(1)

Interrupt Maskability

245

(1)

Interrupt Priority

246

(1)

Interrupt Service

246

(1)

Interrupt Vector

246

(1)

Interrupt Programming

247

(1)

Interrupt Overhead

248

(1)

Resets

248

(1)

The PIC18 Interrupts

249

(12)

PIC18 Interrupt Priority

249

(1)

Registers Related to Interrupts

249

(1)

RCON Register

249

(1)

Interrupt Control Registers (Intcon, Intcon2, Intcon3)

250

(3)

PIR1 PIR3 Registers

253

(2)

PIE1 PIE3 Registers

255

(3)

Interrupt Priority Registers (IPR1 IPR3)

258

(3)

PIC18 Interrupt Operation

261

(3)

PIC18 Interrupt without Setting Priority

262

(1)

PIC18 Interrupt with Priority Enabled

262

(1)

INT Pin Interrupts

263

(1)

Port B Pins Input Change

263

(1)

TMRO Overflow Interrupt

263

(1)

Peripheral Interrupts

263

(1)

PIC18 Interrupt Programming

264

(6)

Interrupt Programming in Assembly Language

264

(3)

Interrupt Programming in C Language

267

(2)

Context Saving during Interrupts

269

(1)

The PIC18 Resets

270

(1)

Power-On Reset

271

(1)

Power-Up Timer

271

(1)

Oscillator Start-Up Timer

271

(1)

Brown-Out Reset

271

(1)

The Reset Instruction

271

(1)

Summary

271

(2)

Exercises

273

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

273

(2)

Parallel Ports

275

(58)

Objectives

275

(1)

Introduction

276

(1)

I/O Addressing

277

(1)

I/O Synchronization

277

(4)

Synchronizing the CPU with the Interface Chip

278

(1)

Synchronizing the Interface Chip with I/O Devices

279

(2)

Overview of the PIC18 Parallel Ports

281

(6)

Port A

283

(1)

Port B

284

(1)

Port C

285

(1)

Port D

285

(1)

Port E and Port F

286

(1)

Port G

286

(1)

Port H and Port J

286

(1)

Port K

287

(1)

Interfacing with Simple Output Devices

287

(7)

Interfacing with LEDs

287

(1)

Interfacing with Seven-Segment Displays

288

(5)

Liquid Crystal Display

293

(1)

The HD44780 LCD Controller

294

(18)

Display Data RAM

296

(1)

Character Generator ROM

297

(1)

Character Generator RAM

297

(1)

Registers

297

(1)

Instruction Description

298

(1)

Interfacing the HD44780 to the PIC18 Microcontroller

299

(13)

Interfacing with DIP Switches

312

(1)

Interfacing with a Keypad

313

(9)

Keypad Scanning

313

(1)

Keypad Debouncing

314

(8)

Interfacing with a D/A Converter

322

(4)

The MAX5102 DAC

322

(2)

Interfacing the MAX5102 with the PIC18 Microcontroller

324

(2)

Parallel Slave Port

326

(4)

Summary

330

(1)

Exercises

330

(2)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

332

(1)

Timers and CCP Modules

333

(74)

Objectives

333

(1)

Overview of PIC18 Timer Functions

334

(1)

Timers

334

(15)

Timers0

335

(3)

Timer1

338

(5)

Timer2

343

(2)

Timer3

345

(1)

Timer4

346

(1)

C Library Functions for Timers

347

(2)

Capture/Compare/PWM Modules

349

(2)

CCP Module Configuration

350

(1)

CCP in Capture Mode

351

(10)

Capture Operation

352

(1)

Microchip C Library Functions for CCP in Capture Mode

352

(1)

Applications of Capture Mode

353

(8)

CCP in Compare Mode

361

(12)

Compare Mode Operation

361

(1)

Applications of CCP in Compare Mode

362

(11)

CCP in PWM Mode

373

(12)

PWM C Library Functions

376

(1)

PWM Applications

377

(3)

DC Motor Control

380

(5)

Enhanced CCP Module

385

(16)

ECCP Pins

385

(1)

ECCP Registers

385

(2)

Enhanced PWM Mode

387

(14)

Summary

401

(2)

Exercises

403

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

404

(3)

Addressable Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transceiver

407

(38)

Objectives

407

(1)

Overview of Serial Communication

408

(1)

The EIA232 Standard

408

(10)

Electrical Specifications

409

(1)

EIA232E Functional Specifications

409

(3)

EIA232E Mechanical Specifications

412

(1)

EIA232E Procedural Specifications

413

(3)

Data Format

416

(1)

Data Transmission Errors

417

(1)

Null-Modem Connection

417

(1)

The PIC18 Serial Communication Interface

418

(22)

USART-Related Registers

418

(3)

USART Asynchronous Mode

421

(5)

Flow Control of USART in Asynchronous Mode

426

(1)

C Library Functions for USART

427

(3)

Interface Asynchronous Mode USART with EIA232

430

(2)

USART Synchronous Master Mode

432

(2)

USART Synchronous Slave Mode

434

(1)

Applications of USART Synchronous Mode

434

(6)

Enhanced USART

440

(1)

Summary

441

(1)

Exercises

442

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

443

(2)

Serial Peripheral Interface

445

(58)

Objectives

445

(1)

Introduction

446

(1)

SPI Mode

446

(9)

MSSP Registers

447

(2)

SPI Operation

449

(1)

Configuration of MSSP for SPI Mode

449

(4)

SPI Data Transfer

453

(1)

SPI Circuit Connection

453

(2)

SPI C Library Functions

455

(1)

Applications of SPI

456

(1)

Interfacing with the 74HC595

456

(6)

Operation of the 74HC595

457

(5)

MAX7221 Seven-Segment Display Driver

462

(12)

Signal Pins

462

(1)

MAX7221 Functioning

463

(5)

Choosing the Value for RSET

468

(6)

Digital Temperature Sensor TC72

474

(7)

Functioning of TC72

475

(1)

Temperature Data Format

475

(1)

Serial Bus Interface

476

(2)

Internal Register Structure

478

(3)

The DS1306 Alarm Real-Time Clock

481

(17)

Signal Descriptions

482

(1)

RTC Registers

483

(4)

Serial Interface of DS1306

487

(1)

Power Supply Configurations

488

(1)

Applications

488

(10)

Summary

498

(1)

Exercises

499

(3)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

502

(1)

Interintegrated Circuit Interface

503

(60)

Objectives

503

(1)

The I2C Protocol

504

(11)

Characteristics of I2C Protocol

504

(1)

I2C Signal Levels

504

(1)

I2C Data Transfer Signal Components

505

(2)

Synchronization

507

(1)

Arbitration

508

(1)

Data Transfer Format

509

(1)

7-Bit Addressing

510

(2)

10-Bit Addressing

512

(3)

PIC18 MSSP Module in I2C Mode

515

(1)

Registers for I2C Operation

515

(4)

The SSPCON1 Register

515

(1)

The SSPCON2 Register

516

(2)

The SSPSTAT Register (I2C Mode)

518

(1)

MSSP Address Register

519

(1)

The PIC18 I2C Master Mode

519

(8)

Master Mode Operation

519

(3)

Master Mode Transmit Sequence

522

(1)

Baud Rate Generator

522

(2)

Start Condition Timing

524

(1)

Repeated Start Condition Timing

524

(1)

Master Mode Transmission

525

(1)

Master Mode Reception

526

(1)

Acknowledge Sequence Timing

526

(1)

Stop Condition Timing

527

(1)

PIC18 I2C Slave Mode

527

(4)

Slave Addressing

528

(1)

Reception in Slave Mode

528

(1)

Transmission in Slave Mode

529

(1)

Clock Synchronization and the CKP Bit

529

(1)

General Call Address Support

529

(1)

Clock Stretching

530

(1)

Multimaster Mode

531

(1)

Microchip C18 Library Functions for I2C

532

(2)

Interfacing the Digital Thermometer and Thermostat DS1631A with I2C

534

(14)

Pin Assignment

534

(1)

Functional Description

535

(1)

DS1631A Registers

535

(2)

The DS1631A Operation

537

(1)

DS1631A Command Set

538

(1)

I2C Communication with DS1631A

538

(10)

Interfacing the Serial EEPROM 24LC08B with I2C

548

(11)

Pin Assignment and Block Diagram

548

(1)

Device Addressing

549

(1)

Write Operation

549

(1)

Acknowledge Polling

549

(1)

Read Operation

550

(1)

Circuit Connection between the I2C Master and 24LC08B

551

(6)

C Library Functions for I2C EEPROM

557

(2)

Summary

559

(1)

Exercises

560

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

561

(2)

Analog-to-Digital Converter

563

(44)

Objectives

563

(1)

Basics of A/D Conversion

564

(7)

A Data Acquisition System

564

(1)

Analog Voltage and Digital Code Characterstic

564

(2)

A/D Conversion Algorithms

566

(2)

Optimal Voltage Range for A/D Conversion

568

(1)

Scaling Circuit

569

(1)

Voltage Translation Circuit

569

(2)

The PIC18 A/D Converter

571

(10)

Registers Associated with A/D Converter

571

(6)

A/D Acquisition Requirements

577

(1)

Selecting the A/D Conversion Clock

578

(1)

A/D Conversion Process

579

(1)

Use of the CCP2 Register

580

(1)

Procedure for Performing A/D Conversion

581

(2)

Microchip A/D Converter C Library Functions

583

(5)

Using the Temperature Sensor TC1047A

588

(7)

Using the IH-3606 Humidity Sensor

595

(3)

Measuring Barometric Pressure

598

(3)

Summary

601

(1)

Exercises

602

(2)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

604

(3)

Controller Area Network

607

(82)

Objectives

607

(1)

Overview of Controller Area Network

608

(2)

Layered Approach in CAN

608

(1)

General Characteristics of CAN

608

(2)

CAN Messages

610

(7)

Data Frame

610

(3)

Remote Frame

613

(1)

Error Frame

614

(1)

Overload Frame

614

(1)

Interframe Space

615

(1)

Message Filtering

616

(1)

Message Validation

616

(1)

Bit Stream Encoding

616

(1)

Error Handling

617

(1)

Bit Error

617

(1)

Stuff Error

617

(1)

CRC Error

617

(1)

Form Error

617

(1)

Acknowledgment Error

617

(1)

Error Signaling

617

(1)

Fault Confinement

617

(2)

CAN Node Status

617

(1)

Error Counts

618

(1)

CAN Message Bit Timing

619

(1)

Nominal Bit Time

619

(1)

Length of Time Segments

620

(1)

Synchronization Issue

620

(1)

Resynchronization Jump Width

620

(1)

Phase Error of an Edge

621

(1)

Synchronization Rules

621

(1)

PIC18 CAN Module

621

(1)

CAN Modes of Operation

622

(4)

Configuration Mode

625

(1)

Disable Mode

625

(1)

Normal Mode

626

(1)

Listen-Only Mode

626

(1)

Loopback Mode

626

(1)

Error Recognition Mode

626

(1)

CAN Module Registers

626

(3)

CAN Module Functional Modes

629

(1)

Mode 0---Legacy Mode

629

(1)

Mode 1---Enhanced Legacy Mode

629

(1)

Mode 2---Enhanced FIFO Mode

629

(1)

CAN Message Buffers

630

(12)

Dedicated Transmit Buffers

630

(3)

Dedicated Receive Buffers

633

(1)

Programmable Transmit/Receive Buffers

634

(8)

Programmable Auto RTR Buffers

642

(1)

CAN Message Transmission

642

(2)

Aborting Transmission

644

(1)

Transmit Priority

644

(1)

Message Reception

644

(3)

Receive Modes

645

(1)

Receive Priority

645

(1)

Enhanced FIFO Mode

645

(1)

Time Stamping

646

(1)

Message Acceptance Filters and Masks

647

(5)

Baud Rate Setting and Timing Parameters

652

(3)

Error Detection and Interrupts

655

(7)

Error States

656

(1)

Error Modes and Error Counters

656

(1)

CAN Interrupts

656

(4)

Efficient Handling of CAN Interrupts

660

(2)

CAN Module I/O Control Register

662

(1)

Physical CAN Bus Connection

662

(9)

The MCP2551 CAN Transceiver

663

(3)

Interfacing the MCP2551 to the PIC18F CAN Devices

666

(1)

Setting the CAN Timing Parameters

667

(4)

CAN Programming

671

(14)

Summary

685

(1)

Exercises

686

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

687

(2)

Internal and External Memory Programming and Expansion

689

(52)

Objectives

689

(1)

Overview of the PIC18 Memory System

690

(1)

On-Chip Flash Program Memory

690

(10)

Control Registers of Program Flash Memory

691

(1)

Reading the Flash Program Memory

692

(1)

Erasing Flash Program Memory

692

(1)

Writing to Flash Program Memory

693

(7)

Data EEPROM Memory

700

(2)

EEADR and EEADRH Register

701

(1)

Reading the Data EEPROM Memory

701

(1)

Writing to the Data EEPROM Memory

701

(1)

PIC18 External Memory Interface

702

(15)

PIC18 Program Memory Modes

702

(1)

PIC18 External Memory Pins

703

(1)

Waveforms of Bus Signals

704

(2)

Bus Transactions

706

(2)

Bus Multiplexing

708

(1)

PIC18F8XXX External Memory Functions

708

(4)

16-Bit EMI Operating Modes

712

(4)

Wait States

716

(1)

Issues Related to Adding External Memory

717

(2)

Memory Space Assignment

717

(1)

Address Decoder Design

718

(1)

Timing Verification

718

(1)

Memory Devices

719

(11)

The CY7C1019

719

(4)

The AT28C010 EEPROM

723

(7)

Example of External Memory Expansion for the PIC18 Microcontroller

730

(8)

Memory Space Assignment

730

(1)

Address Latch

730

(3)

Address Decoder Design

733

(1)

PIC18F8680 Timing Parameter Values at 25 MHz

733

(1)

Example PIC18F8680 Demo Board Memory System Diagram

733

(5)

Summary

738

(1)

Exercises

739

(1)

Lab Exercises and Assignments

739

(2)

System Configuration and Protection

741

(22)

Objectives

741

(1)

Introduction

742

(1)

Configuration Registers

742

(14)

The CONFIG1H Register

742

(1)

The CONFIG2L Register

743

(1)

The CONFIG2H Register

744

(1)

The CONFIG3L Register

745

(1)

The CONFIG3H Register

745

(1)

The CONFIG4L Register

746

(1)

The CONFIG5L Register

747

(2)

The CONFIG5H Register

749

(1)

The CONFIG6L Register

749

(2)

The CONFIG6H Register

751

(1)

The CONFIG7L Register

751

(2)

The CONFIG7H Register

753

(1)

The Device ID Registers

753

(1)

Programming the Configuration Bits

754

(2)

Watchdog Timer

756

(1)

Power-Down Mode (Sleep)

757

(1)

Program Code Protection

758

(1)

Program Memory Code Protection

758

(1)

Data EEPROM Code Protection

759

(1)

Configuration Register Protection

759

(1)

ID Locations

759

(1)

ICSP

759

(1)

In-Circuit Debugger

759

(1)

Low Voltage ICSP Programming

760

(1)

Summary

760

(1)

Exercises

760

(3)

Glossary

763

(10)

Index

773

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