Plant Defense Warding off attack by pathogens, herbivores and parasitic plants

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ISBN: 9781405175890 | 1405175893
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/25/2010

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Plant Defense provides an overview of all major aspects of plant defence, including defence against pathogens, parasites, and invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores. The book looks at defense mechanisms including structural and chemical defences, and constitutive and inducible defences. Including details of how plants 'sense' attack and how this is communicated within the plant and also to neighbouring plants, how plants coordinate defence responses to simultaneous multiple attacks, and the energy and resources expended by a plant in maintaining and implementing its defence systems.

Preface
Why Do Plants Need Defenses?
Plants as sources of food
Organisms that use plants as food
Microorganisms
Parasitic angiosperms
Nematodes
Insects
Vertebrates
Impact of infection and herbivory in natural and agricultural ecosystems
Microorganisms
Parasitic angiosperms
Nematodes
Insects
Vertebrates
Conclusions
Recommended reading
References
What Defenses Do Plants Use?
Introduction
Defenses used against pathogens
Background
Passive or preexisting defenses
Preexisting structural defenses
Preexisting chemical defenses
Active or inducible defenses
Inducible structural defenses
Inducible chemical defenses
Defenses used against pathogens-the next step
Defenses used against parasitic plants
Background
Preattachment defense mechanisms
Prehaustorial defense mechanisms
Posthaustorial defense mechanisms
Defenses used against nematodes
Background
Passive or preexisting defenses
Active or inducible defenses
Phenylpropanoid metabolism
Hypersensitive response
Defenses used against herbivorous insects
Background
Physical barriers
Waxes on the leaf surface
Trichomes
Secretory canals
Leaf toughness and leaf folding
Chemical defenses
Terpenes
Phenolics
Nitrogen-containing organic compounds
Arthropod-inducible proteins
Volatile compounds
Defenses used against vertebrate herbivores
Background
Physical defenses
Chemical defenses
Phenolic compounds
Terpenoids
Nitrogen-containing compounds
Other chemicals
A final word on chemical defenses against vertebrate herbivory
Defenses used against neighboring plants-allelopathy
Background
Allelopathy and the black walnut
Allelopathy and the Californian chaparral
Allelopathy and spotted knapweed
Conclusions
Recommended reading
References
Sounding the Alarm: Signaling and Communication in Plant Defense
Introduction
Signaling in plant-pathogen interactions
Introduction
Local signaling and basal resistance
SA signaling
JA signaling
ET signaling
Signaling involving other plant hormones
Systemic signaling and induced resistance
Induced resistance
Signaling during SAR
Signaling during ISR
Priming
Volatile signaling
Signaling in plant-nematode interactions
Introduction
SA signaling
JA signaling
Signaling in plant-insect herbivore interactions
Introduction
Local signaling
JA signaling
ET signaling
SA signaling
Specificity and regulation of jasmonate-based defenses
Systemic signaling
Systemin
JA signaling
Within leaf signaling
Volatile signaling
Priming
Signaling in interactions between plants and vertebrate herbivores
Signaling in interactions between plants and parasitic plants
Conclusions
Recommended reading
References
Plant Defense in the Real World: Multiple Attackers and Beneficial Interactions
Introduction
Dealing with multiple attackers: cross-talk between signaling pathways
Trade-offs associated with triggering SA-mediated defenses
SA suppression of JA-induced defenses
Molecular basis of SA suppression of JA defenses
Ecological costs of resistance to biotrophic versus necrotrophic pathogens
Trade-offs with mutualistic symbioses
Effects of SA- and JA-mediated defenses on bacterial communities associated with plants
Triggering SA-dependent defenses does not always compromise defense against insect herbivores
Trade-offs and positive outcomes associated with triggering JA-dependent defenses
Putting it all together: orchestrating the appropriate defense response
Can beneficial plant-microbe interactions induce resistance in plants?
Introduction
Induction of resistance by mycorrhizas
Resistance induced by endophytic and other beneficial fungi
Conclusions
Recommended reading
References
The Evolution of Plant Defense
Introduction
Hypotheses of plant defense
The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis
Optimal defense hypotheses
Plant apparency hypothesis
The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis
The growth rate hypothesis
Hypotheses of plant defense-where next?
Evolution of plant defense strategies
The univariate trade-off hypothesis
The resistance-regrowth trade-off hypothesis
The plant apparency hypothesis
The resource availability hypothesis
Plant defense syndromes
Patterns of plant defense evolution
Adaptive radiation
Escalation of defense potency
Phylogenetic conservatism
Phylogenetic escalation and decline of plant defense strategies
Why do plants have induced defenses?
Costs
Allocation costs associated with induced responses to herbivory
Allocation costs associated with induced responses to pathogens
Targeting of inducible direct defenses
Targeting of inducible indirect defenses
Dispersal of damage
Possible role of pathogenic bacteria in the evolution of SAR
Conclusion
The coevolutionary arms race
Conclusions
Recommended reading
References
Exploiting Plant Defense
Introduction
Using plant resistance to protect crops-breeding
Introduction
Breeding for resistance
Sources of resistance
Breeding methods and selection strategies
Resistance in practice
Types of resistance
Monogenic resistance
Polygenic resistance
Durable resistance
Gene-for-gene concept
Making life more difficult for the attacker
Using plant resistance to protect crops-induced resistance
Introduction
Induced resistance for pathogen control
Induced resistance for control of herbivorous insects
Induced resistance for control of nematodes and parasitic plants
Using plant resistance to protect crops-biotechnological approaches
Introduction
Engineering resistance to pathogens
Engineering resistance to insects
Prospects for using transgenic resistance
Conclusions
Recommended reading
References
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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Plant Defense Warding off attack by pathogens, herbivores and parasitic plants

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