Plant Tropisms

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ISBN: 9780813823232 | 0813823234
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/13/2007

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Tropisms, the defined vectorial stimuli, such as gravity, light, touch, humidity gradients, ions, oxygen, and temperature, which provide guidance for plant organ growth, is a rapidly growing and changing field. The last few years have witnessed a true renaissance in the analysis of tropisms. As such the conception of tropisms has changed from being seen as a group of simple laboratory curiosities to their recognition as important tools/phenotypes with which to decipher basic cell biological processes that are essential to plant growth and development. Plant Tropisms will provide a comprehensive, yet integrated volume of the current state of knowledge on the molecular and cell biological processes that govern plant tropisms.

List of Contributors
Preface
Mechanisms of Gravity Perception in Higher Plants	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Identification and characterization of gravity perception sites in plant organs	p. 4
Roots	p. 4
Hypocotyls and inflorescence stems (dicotyledons)	p. 6
Cereal pulvini (monocotyledons)	p. 8
The starch-statolith hypothesis	p. 9
A variety of plant organs utilize sedimenting amyloplasts to sense gravity	p. 9
Amyloplast sedimentation is influenced by the environment and developmental stage of the plant	p. 11
The gravitational pressure model for gravity sensing	p. 11
The cytoskeleton in gravity perception	p. 12
Concluding remarks and future prospects	p. 14
Acknowledgment	p. 15
Literature cited	p. 15
Signal Transduction in Gravitropism	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Gravity signal transduction in roots and aboveground organs	p. 22
Do mechano-sensitive ion channels function as gravity receptors?	p. 24
Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate seems to function in gravity signal transduction	p. 26
Do pH changes contribute to gravity signal transduction?	p. 27
Proteins implicated in gravity signal transduction	p. 28
Global `-omic' approaches to the study of root gravitropism	p. 32
Relocalization of auxin transport facilitators or activity regulation?	p. 37
Could cytokinin also contribute to the gravitropic signal?	p. 38
Gravity signal transduction in organs that do not grow vertically	p. 39
Acknowledgments	p. 40
Literature cited	p. 40
Auxin Transport and the Integration of Gravitropic Growth	p. 47
Introduction to auxins	p. 47
Auxin transport and its role in plant gravity response	p. 47
Approaches to identify proteins (hat mediate IAA efflux	p. 51
Proteins that mediate IAA efflux	p. 51
IAA influx carriers and their role in gravitropism	p. 53
Regulation of IAA efflux protein location and activity during gravity response	p. 55
Mechanisms that may control localization of IAA efflux carriers	p. 56
Regulation of IAA efflux by synthesis and degradation of efflux carriers	p. 58
Regulation of auxin transport by reversible protein phosphorylation	p. 59
Regulation of auxin transport by flavonoids	p. 61
Regulation of auxin transport by other signaling pathways	p. 61
Regulation of gravity response by ethylene	p. 64
Overview of the mechanisms of auxin-induced growth	p. 65
Conclusions	p. 67
Acknowledgements	p. 68
Literature cited	p. 68
Phototropism and Its Relationship to Gravitropism	p. 79
Phototropism: general description and distribution	p. 79
Light perception	p. 80
Signal transduction and growth response	p. 82
Interactions with gravitropism	p. 83
Importance to plant form and function	p. 84
Conclusions and outlook	p. 85
Literature cited	p. 86
Touch Sensing and Thigmotropism	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Plant mechanoresponses	p. 91
Specialized touch responses	p. 92
Thigmomorphogenesis and thigmotropism	p. 94
General principles of touch perception	p. 95
Gating through membrane tension: the mechanoreceptor for hypo-osmotic stress bacteria, MscL	p. 98
Gating through tethers: the mechanoreceptor for gentle touch in Caenorhabditis elegans	p. 99
Evidence for mechanically gated ion channels in plants	p. 101
Signal transduction in touch and gravity perception	p. 103
Ionic signaling	p. 103
Ca²⁺ signaling in the touch and gravity response	p. 103
Insights from transcriptional profiling	p. 107
Interaction of touch and gravity signaling/response	p. 110
Conclusion and Perspectives	p. 113
Acknowledgements	p. 114
Literature cited	p. 14
Other Tropisms and their Relationship to Gravitropism	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Hydrotropism	p. 123
Early studies of hydrotoprism	p. 124
Genetic analysis of hydrotropism	p. 125
Perception of moisture gradients and gravity stimuli by the root cap and the curvature response	p. 126
ABA and the hydrotropic response	p. 128
Future experiments	p. 129
Electrotropism	p. 129
Chemotropism	p. 131
Thermotropism and oxytropism	p. 132
Traumatropism	p. 134
Overview	p. 135
Acknowledgments	p. 135
Literature cited	p. 135
Single-Cell Gravitropism and Gravitaxis	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Definitions of responses to environmental stimuli that optimize the ecological fitness of single-cell organisms	p. 141
Occurrence and significance of gravitaxis in single-cell systems	p. 142
Significance of gravitropism in single-cell systems	p. 143
What makes a cell a biological gravity sensor?	p. 144
Gravity susception-the initial physical step of gravity sensing	p. 145
Susception in the statolith-based systems of Chora	p. 145
Susception in the statolith-based system Loxodes	p. 149
Susception in the protoplast-based systems of Euglena and Paramecium	p. 150
Graviperception in the statolith-based systems of Cham	p. 150
Graviperception in the statolith-based system Loxodes	p. 151
Graviperception in the protoplast-based systems Paramecium and Euglena	p. 151
Signal transduction pathways and graviresponse mechanisms in the statolith-based systems of Chara	p. 153
Signal transduction pathways and graviresponse mechanisms in Euglena and Paramecium
Conclusions	p. 155
Acknowledgements	p. 156
Literature cited	p. 156
Color Section
Space-Based Research on Plant Tropisras	p. 161
Introduction-the variety of plant movements	p. 161
The microgravity environment	p. 162
Ground-based studies: mitigating the effects of gravity	p. 165
Gravitropism	p. 166
Gravitropism: gravity perception	p. 166
Gravitropism: signal transduction	p. 168
Gravitropism: the curving response	p. 169
Phototropism	p. 171
Hydrotropism, autotropism, and oxytropism	p. 172
Studies of other plant movements in microgravity	p. 174
Space flight hardware used to study tropisms	p. 175
Future outlook and prospects	p. 177
Literature cited	p. 177
Plan(t)s for Space Exploration	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Human missions to space	p. 184
Life support	p. 184
Genomics and space exploration	p. 185
Nanotechnology	p. 187
Sensor, biosensors, and intelligent machines	p. 187
Plan(t)s for Space Exploration	p. 188
Imagine	p. 192
Literature cited	p. 192
Index	p. 197
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Plant Tropisms

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