Pollution Prevention

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ISBN: 9781577663485 | 1577663489
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/1/2004

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The objective of this book is to introduce principles of environmentally conscious products, processes, and manufacturing systems. The reader will learn the impacts of waste from manufacturing and post-use product disposal, environmental cycles of materials, and principles of environmental economics.

1 Introduction to Pollution Prevention

(21)

1.1 The 3M Experience

(2)

1.2 Pollution Prevention

(3)

1.3 The Historical Perspective

(3)

1.3.1 The Industrial Revolution

1.3.2 Impacts of Industrialization

1.4 What Is Pollution Prevention?

(4)

1.4.1 Waste Definition

1.4.2 Pollution Prevention Definition

1.4.3 Other Terms

1.4.4 Sustainability

1.5 The Pollution Prevention Hierarchy

(1)

1.6 Recycling vs. Pollution Prevention

(1)

1.7 Environmental Ethics

(4)

References

(1)

Problems

(2)

2 Properties and Fates of Environmental Contaminants

(56)

2.1 Organic Chemicals

(16)

2.1.1 Nomenclature of Organic Chemicals

2.2 Metals and Inorganic Nonmetals

(5)

2.2.1 Arsenic

2.2.2 Cadmium

2.2.3 Chromium

2.2.4 Lead

2.2.5 Mercury

2.2.6 Cyanides

2.3 Contaminant Transport and Transformation in the Environment

(28)

2.3.1 Contaminant Concentrations

2.3.2 Transport Processes

2.3.3 Partitioning Processes

2.3.4 Transformation Processes

References

(1)

Problems

(5)

3 Industrial Activity and the Environment

(69)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Air Pollution

(23)

3.2.1 The Atmosphere

3.2.2 Smog Formation

3.2.3 Acid Rain

3.2.4 Global Warming

3.2.5 Ozone Depletion

3.3 Solid Wastes

102

(12)

3.3.1 Sources and Composition

3.3.2 Solid Waste Management

3.3.3 Conservation

3.4 Hazardous Wastes

114

(4)

3.4.1 Superfund Sites

3.4.2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

3.5 Water Pollution

118

(3)

3.5.1 Minimata Disease

3.5.2 The Kepone Incident

3.5.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment

3.6 Energy Usage

121

(17)

3.6.1 Historical Perspective

3.6.2 Energy Consumption

3.6.3 Energy Reserves

3.6.4 Fossil Fuels

3.6.5 Nuclear Energy

3.6.6 Renewable Energy Sources

3.6.7 Electricity

3.6.8 Energy Conservation

3.7 Resource Depletion

138

(4)

3.7.1 Earth's Structure

3.7.2 Recoverable Resources

3.7.3 Mineral Resources

References

142

(2)

Problems

144

(3)

4 Environmental Regulations

147

(33)

4.1 Introduction

147

(2)

4.2 The Regulatory Process

149

(1)

4.3 Environmental Regulations

150

(28)

4.3.1 Laws Pertaining to Clean Air

4.3.2 Laws Pertaining to Clean Water

4.3.3 Laws Pertaining to Hazardous Materials and Wastes

4.3.4 Laws Pertaining to Products

4.3.5 Laws Pertaining to Pollution Prevention

References

178

(1)

Problems

178

(2)

5 Improved Manufacturing Operations

180

(71)

5.1 Introduction

180

(3)

5.2 The Manufacturing Process

183

(32)

5.2.1 Sequential Engineering

5.2.2 Concurrent Engineering

5.2.3 Manufacturing Processes

5.3 Process Development and Design

215

(5)

5.3.1 Computer Tools

5.4 Process Changes

220

(19)

5.4.1 Advanced Process Technologies

5.4.2 Product Changes

5.4.3 Storage

5.4.4 Management

5.5 Pollution Prevention Examples

239

(8)

5.5.1 Acrylonitrile Manufacturing

5.5.2 Malefic Anhydride Production

References

247

(1)

Problems

248

(3)

6 Life-Cycle Assessment

251

(45)

6.1 Overview of Life-Cycle Assessment

251

(2)

6.2 History of Life-Cycle Assessment Development

253

(1)

6.3 Life-Cycle Assessment and the Regulatory Process

254

(1)

6.4 Life-Cycle Assessment Methodology

255

(14)

6.4.1 Goal Definition and Scoping Stage

6.4.2 Inventory Analysis

6.4.3 Impact Analysis

6.4.4 Improvement Analysis

6.5 Streamlining Life-Cycle Assessments

269

(2)

6.6 Pollution Prevention Factors

271

(6)

6.7 Application of Life-Cycle Assessment

277

(10)

6.7.1 Corporate Strategic Planning

6.7.2 Product Development

6.7.3 Process Selection and Modification

6.7.4 Marketing Claims and Advertising

6.7.5 Ecolabeling

6.8 Use of Computer Models in Life-Cycle Assessment

287

(1)

6.9 Life-Cycle Assessment in Waste Management Operations

288

(4)

References

292

(2)

Problems

294

(2)

7 Pollution Prevention Economics

296

(33)

7.1 Overview of Economics

296

(2)

7.2 Microeconomics

298

(13)

7.2.1 Market Mechanisms

7.2.2 Supply and Demand

7.2.3 Marginal Cost and Marginal Benefit

7.2.4 Market Externalities

7.2.5 Control Measures

7.3 Engineering Economics

311

(6)

7.3.1 Discount Rate

7.3.2 Present Worth

7.3.3 Comparing Investment Alternatives

7.4 Estimating Long-Term Cleanup Liability

317

(3)

7.5 Total Cost Assessment

320

(5)

7.5.1 Life-Cycle Costing

7.5.2 Life-Cycle Cost Assessment Process

7.5.3 Life-Cycle Cost Assessment Case Study

7.5.4 Summary

References

325

(1)

Problems

326

(3)

8 Pollution Prevention Planning

329

(24)

8.1 Introduction

329

(1)

8.2 Structure of the Pollution Prevention Process

330

(10)

8.2.1 Organizing the Program

8.2.2 Preliminary Assessment

8.2.3 Pollution Prevention Program Plan Development

8.2.4 Developing and Implementing Pollution Prevention Projects

8.2.5 Implementing the Pollution Prevention Plan

8.2.6 Measuring Pollution Prevention Progress

8.3 Environmental Management Systems

340

(3)

8.4 Environmental Audits

343

(3)

8.4.1 Emissions Inventory

8.5 Toxic Release Inventory

346

(4)

8.5.1 Toxic Release Inventory Reporting Requirements

8.5.2 Toxic Release Inventory Chemicals

8.5.3 Problems with Toxic Release Inventory Data

References

350

(1)

Problems

351

(2)

9 Design for the Environment

353

(68)

9.1 Introduction

353

(4)

9.1.1 Design for X

9.1.2 Chapter Focus

9.2 Green Chemistry

357

(29)

9.2.1 Sources of Wastes

9.2.2 Alternative Synthetic Pathways

9.2.3 Alternative Reaction Conditions

9.2.4 Design of Safer Chemicals

9.2.5 Green Chemistry Research Needs

9.3 Design for Disassembly Demanufacturing

386

(24)

9.3.1 Recycle versus Reuse

9.3.2 Recycle Reuse Hierarchy

9.3.3 Recycle Legislation

9.3.4 Requirements for Effective ReuseRecycling

9.3.5 Disassembly Strategy

9.3.6 Computer-Aided Design

9.3.7 Waste Exchanges

9.3.8 Recovery through Composting or Energy Reuse

9.3.9 Barriers to Reuse

9.4 Packaging

410

(7)

9.4.1 Minimizing Packaging

9.4.2 Degradable Packaging

References

417

(2)

Problems

419

(2)

10 Water, Energy, and Reagent Conservation

421

(33)

10.1 Introduction

421

(1)

10.2 Reduction in Water Use for Cleaning

422

(8)

10.2.1 Case Study

10.3 Pinch Analysis

430

(20)

10.3.1 Thermal Pinch Analysis

10.3.2 Pinch Analysis for Water Use

10.3.3 Pinch Analysis for Process Emissions

10.3.4 Summary

References

450

(1)

Problems

450

(4)

11 Residuals Management

454

(55)

11.1 Introduction

454

(1)

11.2 Wastewater Treatment

455

(44)

11.2.1 Treatment Options

11.2.2 Physicochemical Processes

11.2.3 Biological Waste Treatment

11.2.4 Sludge Management

11.3 Air Pollution Control

499

(5)

11.3.1 Particulate Control

11.3.2 Gas Removal

11.4 Solid Waste Disposal

504

(1)

References

504

(1)

Problems

505

(4)

12 Fugitive Emissions

509

(24)

12.1 Introduction

509

(2)

12.2 Sources and Amounts

511

(1)

12.3 Measuring Fugitive Emissions

512

(7)

12.3.1 Average Emission Factor Approach

12.3.2 Screening Ranges Approach

12.3.3 EPA Correlation Approach

12.3.4 Unit-Specific Correlation Approach

12.4 Controlling Fugitive Emissions

519

(5)

12.4.1 Equipment Modification

12.4.2 Leak Detection and Repair Programs

12.5 Fugitive Emissions from Storage Tanks

524

(6)

12.5.1 Emissions Estimation

12.5.2 Emissions Control

12.6 Fugitive Emissions from Waste Treatment and Disposal

530

(1)

References

531

(1)

Problems

532

(1)

13 Municipal Pollution Prevention Programs

533

(39)

13.1 Introduction

533

(1)

13.2 Regulatory Basis for Pollution Prevention Programs

534

(5)

13.2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments

13.2.2 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

13.2.3 Clean Water Act

13.2.4 Pollution Prevention Act

13.2.5 Regional Pollution Prevention nitiatives: Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative

13.3 Source Control and Pretreatment Permit Programs

539

(3)

13.3.1 Mandatory Programs

13.3.2 Local Discharge Standards, Gimits, and Authority

13.4 Types of POTW-Administered Pollution Prevention Programs

542

(16)

13.4.1 Voluntary Programs

13.4.2 Regulatory and Enforcement Programs

13.4.3 Market-Based Programs and Pollution Prevention Incentives

13.4.4 Measuring Pollution Prevention Progress

13.5 Desirable Qualities of a Municipal P2 Program

558

(3)

13.5.1 Industry Requests

13.5.2 Publicly Owned Treatment Works Requests

13.6 Development of Publicly Administered Pollution Prevention Programs

561

(6)

13.6.1 Program Recommendation

13.6.2 Program Implementation

13.7 Internal Pollution Prevention in Publicly Owned Treatment Works

567

(1)

13.8 Summary

568

(1)

References

568

(2)

Problems

570

(2)

14 Toward a Sustainable Society

572

(49)

14.1 Introduction

572

(2)

14.2 Defining the Problem

574

(2)

14.2.1 Biodiversity

14.2.2 Impediments to Achieving Sustainability

14.3 The History of Sustainability

576

(5)

14.3.1 Origin of the Sustainability Concept

14.3.2 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

14.4 Sustainability and What It Means

581

(7)

14.4.1 Definitions of Sustainability

14.4.2 What Is Sustainable Development?

14.4.3 Conceptualization of Sustainability

14.4.4 Hurdles to Sustainability

14.5 Achieving Sustainable Development

588

(9)

14.5.1 Sustainable Developrr{ent Framework

14.5.2 Application of Sustainability Strategies

14.5.3 Indicators of Sustainability

14.5.4 What Is Being Done to Achieve Sustainability?

14.6 Sustainability in the United States

597

(4)

14.6.1 President's Council on Sustainable Development

14.6.2 Role of Local Governments

14.7 Sustainability in the Third World

601

(2)

14.7.1 Barriers to Sustainability in the Third World

14.7.2 Models of Macroeconomic Management for Third-World Countries

14.8 A Framework for Sustainability

603

(5)

14.8.1 The Role of Individuals

14.8.2 The Role of Industry

14.8.3 The Four Elements of Clean Manufacturing

14.9 Industrial Ecology

608

(5)

14.9.1 Ecoindustrial Parks

14.9.2 Industrial Ecology Principles

14.10 Measures of Economic Growth

613

(3)

14.10.1 Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product

14.10.2 Green Accounting

14.11 Steps for Adopting a Sustainability Approach

616

(1)

14.12 Summary

617

(1)

References

618

(2)

Problems

620

(1)

Appendixes

621

(59)

A The Elements

621

(3)

B Properties of Selected Compounds

624

(11)

C Hazardous Waste Lists

635

(27)

D Toxic Release Inventory Chemicals and Chemical Categories

662

(6)

E Present Worth of a $1.00 Investment

668

(2)

F Physical Constants

670

(2)

G Physical Properties of Water at 1 Atmosphere

672

(2)

H Properties of Air

674

(1)

I Useful Conversion Factors

675

(5)

Index

680

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Pollution Prevention

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials