Polymer Melt Fracture

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ISBN: 9781574447804 | 1574447807
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/3/2010

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The continually growing plastics market consists of more than 250 million tons of product annually, making the recurring problem of polymer melt fracture an acute issue in the extrusion of these materials. Presenting a pictorial library of the different forms of melt fracture and real industrial extrusion melt fracture phenomena, Polymer Melt Fracture provides pragmatic identification and industrial extrusion defect remediation strategies based on detailed experimental and theoretical findings from the last 50 years.

Foreword	p. xv
Preface	p. xvii
Authors	p. xxi
Polymer Melt Fracture Pictures	p. 1
Optical Microscopy	p. 2
Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 10
Reference	p. 20
Polymer Characteristics	p. 21
Polymers	p. 22
Polymer Architecture	p. 24
Molar Mass Distribution	p. 28
Polymerization Processes	p. 32
Polymer Characterization	p. 35
Polymer Architecture	p. 35
Spectrometry: Ultraviolet, Visible, Infrared, and Raman	p. 36
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry	p. 36
Density	p. 39
Thermal Analysis	p. 39
Molar Mass, Molar Mass Distribution	p. 40
Dilute Solution Viscosity	p. 41
Light Scattering	p. 43
Colligative Property Measurement Techniques	p. 44
Gel Permeation Chromatography	p. 45
Fractionation	p. 46
Rheology	p. 47
General Observation	p. 49
References	p. 50
Polymer Rheology	p. 53
Continuum Mechanics	p. 53
Scalars, Vectors, and Tensors	p. 54
Stress Tensor	p. 58
Strain Tensors	p. 59
Finger Tensor	p. 59
Rate of Deformation and Vorticity Tensor	p. 63
Relation between Finger Tensor B and Rate of Deformation Tensor D	p. 65
Equations of Motion	p. 65
Transport Theorem	p. 66
Mass Balance	p. 67
Momentum Balance	p. 68
Constitutive Equations	p. 71
Elastic Behavior	p. 71
Viscous Behavior	p. 72
Viscoelastic Behavior	p. 75
Linear Viscoelasticity	p. 78
Compliance Function	p. 80
General Observation	p. 84
References	p. 84
Polymer Processing	p. 87
Extrusion	p. 87
Granulation	p. 88
Film Blowing	p. 88
Film and Sheet Casting	p. 93
Extrusion Blow Molding	p. 95
Wire Coating	p. 97
Pipe and Profile	p. 98
Fiber Spinning	p. 98
Co-Extrusion	p. 101
Injection Molding	p. 102
Rotational Molding	p. 103
Calendering	p. 103
General Observation	p. 104
References	p. 105
Melt Fracture Experiments	p. 109
Constant-Pressure and Constant-Rate Experiments	p. 110
Discontinuous Flow Curves	p. 114
Continuous Flow Curves	p. 120
Flow Visualization	p. 122
Particle Tracking	p. 124
Flow Birefringence	p. 126
Stacked Colors	p. 130
Critical Numbers	p. 131
Reynolds Number	p. 132
Weissenberg and Deborah Number	p. 132
Recoverable Strain	p. 134
Critical Stress	p. 135
Melt Fracture Observation	p. 139
Microscopy	p. 139
Profilometry	p. 140
Indirect Methods	p. 141
Melt Fracture Quantification	p. 144
Change of Slope	p. 147
Wall Slip	p. 148
The Mooney Method	p. 148
The Laun Method	p. 151
Other Methods	p. 153
Compressibility	p. 154
General Observation	p. 155
References	p. 156
Melt Fracture Variables	p. 167
Polymer Architecture	p. 167
Polymer-Processing Variables	p. 174
Length-Radius Ratio	p. 174
Die Entry and Exit Angle	p. 179
Die Construction Material	p. 182
Die Surface Roughness	p. 184
Die Surface Modifier	p. 186
Temperature	p. 187
General Observation	p. 192
References	p. 193
Understanding Melt Fracture	p. 201
Melt Fracture Mechanisms	p. 202
Reynolds Turbulence	p. 202
Thermal Catastrophe	p. 202
Stress-Induced Fractionation	p. 202
Fracture	p. 202
Cavitation	p. 205
Interfacial Slip	p. 205
Microscopic Mechanisms-Cohesive Failure	p. 207
Microscopic Mechanisms-Adhesive Failure	p. 209
The Constitutive Approach	p. 211
Phenomenology	p. 211
Relaxation Oscillations	p. 212
Numerical Simulations	p. 214
Molecular Considerations	p. 215
General Understanding	p. 218
General Observation	p. 225
References	p. 226
Advanced Polymer Rheology	p. 233
Molar Mass, Zero-Shear Viscosity, and Recoverable Compliance	p. 234
Continuous Models and Frame Invariance	p. 237
Upper-Convected Maxwell Model	p. 239
Johnson-Segalman-(Oldroyd) Models	p. 241
Johnson-Segalman Model	p. 241
Johnson-Segalman-Oldroyd Model	p. 244
Kaye-Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas Model	p. 245
Microscopic Models	p. 248
Rouse Model	p. 250
Reptation Model	p. 253
Branching	p. 258
Pom-Pom Model	p. 259
Molar Mass Distribution and Linear Viscoelasticity	p. 261
General Observation	p. 263
References	p. 263
Modeling Melt Fracture	p. 267
The Relaxation-Oscillation Model	p. 268
Coupling RO and Constitutive Equations	p. 271
Slip-Boundary Conditions	p. 275
A Rheological Model Including Wall Slip	p. 280
Bulk and Interfacial Viscosity Balance for Different Polymers	p. 284
Flow Curve and Melt Fracture Relation	p. 287
"Spurt" Distortions	p. 288
Surface Distortions	p. 288
Volume Distortions	p. 290
General Observation	p. 290
References	p. 291
Preventing Melt Fracture	p. 295
Additives	p. 295
Slip Agents	p. 297
Polymer Blends	p. 298
Wax	p. 299
Fillers	p. 299
Extruder and Processing Conditions	p. 300
Dealing with Melt Fracture	p. 303
Melt Fracture Checklist	p. 305
General Observation	p. 305
References	p. 306
Index	p. 313
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