Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications

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ISBN: 9780849345173 | 0849345170
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/25/1997

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Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications studies the use of polyurethanes in implanted medical devices. This analysis describes the concepts of polymer science, the manufacture of polyurethanes, and the biological responses to implant polyurethanes, reflecting the developments in biomaterials science and the interdisciplinary nature of bioengineering.

Chapter 1 -- Introduction

(4)

I. Biomaterials

(1)

II. Biocompatibility

(1)

III. Biomedical Polymers

(1)

IV. Organization

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 2 -- The Chemistry of Polyurethane Copolymers

(22)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. History of Polyurethane Copolymers

(1)

III. Polyurethane Copolymers

(2)

IV. Synthesis of Polyurethanes

(6)

A. Isocyanate Chemistry

(2)

B. Allophanate Reaction

(1)

C. Biuret Formation

(1)

D. Acylurea

(1)

E. Isocyanurate Formation

(1)

F. Uretidione Formation

(1)

G. Carbodiimide Formation

(1)

H. Catalysts

(1)

I. Synthesis Media

(1)

V. Raw Materials in Polyurethane Copolymer Synthesis

(3)

A. Isocyanates

(1)

B. Polyols

(1)

C. Chain Extenders

(2)

VI. Linear Polyurethane Elastomer Synthesis

(1)

VII. Crosslinked Polyurethane Copolymers

(1)

VIII. Polyurethane Modification

(5)

A. Bulk Modification of Polyurethanes

(1)

B. Surface Modification of Polyurethanes

(2)

Summary

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 3 -- Polyurethane Processing and Survey of Biomedical Polyurethanes

(16)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Processing of Polyurethanes

(9)

A. One-Dimensional Processes

(2)

B. Two-Dimensional Processes

(2)

C. Three-Dimensional Processes

(5)

1. Foams

(1)

2. Tubing

(2)

a. Extruded Tubing

(1)

b. Solvent Cast Tubing

(1)

c. Porous and Fibrous Tubing

(1)

3. Balloons, Bladders, and Other Devices

(2)

a. Solvent Casting

(2)

b. Molding

(1)

III. Sterilization

(1)

A. Steam Sterilization

(1)

B. Ethylene Oxide Sterilization

(1)

C. Radiation

(1)

IV. Commercial and Experimental Polyurethanes

(2)

References

(4)

Chapter 4 -- Bulk Characterization and Structure-Property Relationships of Polyurethanes

(48)

I. Introduction

(10)

A. States of Order and Thermal Transitions of Polymers

(5)

B. Intermolecular Bonding in Polymers

(1)

C. Mechanical Behavior

(3)

1. Viscoelasticity

(1)

2. Hysteresis

(1)

D. Molecular Weight

(2)

II. Structure of Polyurethanes

(12)

A. Microphase Separation

(2)

1. Thermodynamics of Phase Separation

(1)

2. Kinetics of Microphase Separation

(1)

B. Morphological Models of Block Copolymers

(2)

C. Molecular Orientation in Polyurethanes

(4)

D. Hydrogen Bonding

(1)

E. Crosslinking

(1)

F. The Effect of Polyurethane Chemistry on Physical Properties

(2)

1. Isocyanate

(1)

2. Polyols

(1)

3. Chain Extenders

(1)

III. Characterization of Polyurethanes

(21)

A. Gel Permeation Chromatography

(1)

B. Infrared Spectroscopy

(2)

C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry

(4)

D. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis

(2)

E. Electron Microscopy

(4)

F. Stress-Strain Properties and Ultimate Tensile Strength

(6)

1. Tensile Properties

(2)

2. Tensile Stress Hysteresis

(1)

3. Fatigue Testing

(2)

G. Solubility Tests

(1)

H. Permeability and Extractability

(1)

H. Electrical Properties

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 5 -- Surface Characterization of Polyurethanes

(24)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Surface Energy and Surface Tension

(7)

A. Contact Angles

(1)

B. Contact Angle Measurement

(2)

C. Contact Angle Hysteresis

(1)

III. Attenuated Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)

(2)

A. ATR-FTIR Analysis of Polyurethanes

(1)

IV. Surface Spectroscopic Techniques

100

(8)

A. X-ray Photo-Electron Spectroscopy (XPS)

100

(1)

B. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)

101

(1)

C. Surface Spectroscopic Studies of Polyurethanes

102

(6)

V. Surface Morphology

108

(3)

VI. Surface Electrical Properties

111

(1)

Summary

111

(1)

References

112

(3)

Chapter 6 -- Introduction to Host Responses

115

(32)

I. Introduction

115

(1)

II. Protein Adsorption

115

(9)

A. The First Event

115

(7)

1. Kinetics of Protein Adsorption

117

(1)

2. Equilibria and Isotherms

118

(1)

3. Protein Adsorption onto Biomaterials

119

(3)

B. Coagulation System

122

(1)

C. Fibrinolytic System

122

(2)

III. Cells, Extracellular Matrix, and Cellular Interactions

124

(14)

A. Platelets

124

(1)

B. Erythrocytes

124

(3)

C. Leukocytes

127

(2)

D. The Extracellular Matrix

129

(1)

E. Cell Receptors and Mediators

130

(1)

1. Cell Adhesion Molecules

130

(1)

2. Cytokines

130

(1)

F. Hemostasis and Thrombosis

130

(3)

G. The Inflammatory Response

133

(2)

H. Foreign Body Response

135

(1)

I. Wound Healing

136

(2)

1. Proliferation of Fibroblasts

136

(1)

2. Wound healing and Scar Contracture

137

(1)

IV. Immune Response

138

(2)

A. Innate Immunity

138

(1)

B. Complement System

138

(2)

C. Adaptive Immunity

140

(1)

Summary

140

(2)

References

142

(5)

Chapter 7 -- Host Responses to Polyurethanes

147

(34)

I. Introduction

147

(1)

II. Assessment of Host Biomaterial Interactions

147

(3)

A. In Vitro testing

147

(1)

B. Ex Vivo testing

148

(1)

C. In Vivo testing

148

(2)

D. Clinical Testing

150

(1)

E. Guidelines For Biological Testing Of Materials

150

(1)

III. Protein Adsorption Onto Polyurethanes

150

(8)

A. Albumin

151

(1)

B. Fibrinogen

152

(2)

C. Fibronectin

154

(1)

D. Vitronectin

154

(1)

E. Lipoproteins

154

(1)

F. Coagulation System

154

(1)

G. Fibrinolytic System

155

(1)

H. Complement System

155

(1)

I. The Vroman Effect

155

(3)

IV. Cellular Responses to Polyurethanes

158

(12)

A. Platelets

158

(3)

B. Leukocytes

161

(1)

C. Thrombus Formation

161

(3)

D. Soft Tissue Interactions

164

(3)

E. Neointima Formation on Polyurethanes

167

(2)

F. Immunological Response to Biomaterials

169

(1)

G. Infection

169

(1)

1. Staphylococcus Epidermidis

170

(1)

2. Gram Positive Bacteria

170

(1)

Summary

170

(1)

References

171

(10)

Chapter 8 -- Degradation of Polyurethanes

181

(24)

I. Introduction

181

(1)

II. Mechanisms of Biodegradation

181

(14)

A. Hydrolysis

181

(1)

B. Oxidation

181

(4)

1. Auto-oxidation

183

(1)

2. Metal Catalyzed Oxidation

183

(2)

C. Chemical Degradation

185

(1)

D. Sterilization

185

(1)

E. Biological Catalysis of Degradation

185

(2)

1. Enzymes

185

(1)

2. Cells

186

(1)

3. Surface Cracking

187

(1)

F. Environmental Stress Cracking

187

(2)

G. Impact of Polyurethane Structure on Biodegradation

189

(5)

1. Soft Segment

189

(1)

2. Hard Segment

190

(4)

H. Other Mechanisms of Biodegradation

194

(1)

I. Implant Location

194

(1)

III. Toxicity and Carcinogenicity

195

(2)

IV. Calcification of Polyurethanes

197

(2)

V. Biodegradable Polyurethanes

199

(1)

Summary

200

(1)

References

200

(5)

Chapter 9 -- Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications

205

(50)

I. Introduction

205

(1)

II. Cardiovascular Applications

205

(21)

A. Catheters

205

(3)

B. Pacemaker Lead Insulation

208

(3)

C. Vascular Prostheses

211

(8)

D. Heart Valves

219

(3)

E. Cardiac Assist Devices

222

(4)

1. Left Ventricular Assist Devices

223

(1)

2. Intraaortic Balloon Pumps

224

(2)

III. Artificial Organs

226

(4)

A. Artificial Heart

226

(1)

B. Hemodialysis

227

(1)

C. Artificial Lung/Blood Oxygenation

228

(1)

D. Hemoperfusion

228

(1)

E. Artificial Pancreas

229

(1)

F. Blood Tubing

229

(1)

G. Blood Filters

229

(1)

IV. Tissue Replacement and Augmentation

230

(9)

A. Breast Implants

230

(1)

B. Wound Dressings

231

(7)

1. Types of Wounds

231

(1)

2. Occlusive and Semiocclusive Dressings

232

(6)

3. Wound Dressings and Infection

238

(1)

C. Facial Reconstruction

238

(1)

D. Adhesives

239

(1)

V. Other Applications

239

(2)

A. Artificial Ducts

239

(1)

B. Contraceptives

240

(1)

C. Controlled Drug Delivery

240

(1)

D. Penile Prostheses

240

(1)

E. Miscellaneous

241

(1)

References

241

(14)

Chapter 10 -- Summary and Future Perspectives

255

(2)

List of Abbreviations

257

(2)

Index

259

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Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications

Summary

Table of Contents

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