Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine

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ISBN: 9780849398124 | 0849398126
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/7/2006

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Discussing its biochemistry, as well as its history, many of the researchers responsible for initiating our newfound fascination with the pomegranate examine recent findings regarding the fruit's preventive potential against two of the major chronic diseases of aging, heart disease and cancer, detailing the location, action, and bioavailability of the phytochemicals found in the fruit's flesh, peels, and seeds. Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine in providing the most complete and up-to-date review of literature on this polyphenol-rich fruit, also includes a substantial section on commercialization and another on plant growth and cultivation improvements.

SECTION 1 Biochemistry

Chapter 1 Pomegranate Phytochemicals

(28)

Navindra P. Seeram, Yanjun Zhang, Jess D. Reed, Christian G. Krueger, and Jakob Vaya

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Pomegranate Phytochemicals

(10)

1.3 Methods for Separation, Identification, and Analyses of Pomegranate Phytochemicals

(6)

1.3.1 Chromatography

(1)

1.3.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography, and Mass Spectrometry (MS)

(1)

1.3.2.1 MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

(1)

1.3.2.2 LC-ESI Mass Spectrometry

(1)

1.3.2.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)

(1)

1.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

(1)

1.3.4 Hydrolysis

(1)

1.4 Role of Pomegranate Fruit Phytochemicals in Bioactivity

(5)

1.4.1 Pomegranate Fruit Phytochemicals As Antioxidants and Antiatherogenic Agents

(1)

1.4.1.1 In Vitro Studies

(1)

1.4.1.2 In Vivo Studies

(3)

1.4.2 Neuroprotective Properties

(1)

1.4.3 Anticarcinogenic Properties

(1)

1.4.4 Phytoestrogenic Properties

(1)

1.4.5 Pomegranate Seed Extract as a Treatment for Diarrhea

(1)

1.4.6 Methanolic Extract of Pomegranate Peel Exhibits Wound-Healing Activity

(1)

1.5 Summary and Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 2 Antioxidative Properties of Pomegranate: In Vitro Studies

(14)

Mira Rosenblat and Michael Aviram

2.1 Nutritional Antioxidants and Polyphenolic Flavonoids

(3)

2.2 Antioxidative Properties of the Pomegranate Tree Parts

(1)

2.3 Antioxidative Properties of the Pomegranate Fruit Fractions

(2)

2.4 Antioxidative Capacity of Pomegranate Juice in Comparison to Other Juices

(2)

2.5 Antioxidative Potency of Fractions Isolated from Pomegranate Juice

(1)

2.6 Antioxidative Effects of Pomegranate Byproducts

(1)

2.7 Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 3 Bioavailability of Pomegranate Polyphenols

(18)

Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán, Navindra P. Seeram, and Juan Carlos Espin

3.1 Introduction

(2)

3.2 Animal and Cell Bioavailability Studies

(6)

3.2.1 Ellagic Acid and Ellagitannins

(3)

3.2.2 Anthocyanins

(2)

3.2.3 Procyanidins

(1)

3.3 Toxicity Studies

(1)

3.4 Human Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Studies

(3)

3.4.1 Ellagic Acid and Ellagitannins

(2)

3.4.2 Anthocyanins

(1)

3.4.3 Procyanidins

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgment

(1)

References

(5)

SECTION 2 Health Effects

A. Cardiovascular

Chapter 4 Protection against Cardiovascular Diseases

(28)

Bianca Fuhrman and Michael Aviram

4.1 Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

(1)

4.1.1 Hypertension

(1)

4.1.2 Platelet Aggregation

(1)

4.1.3 Blood Lipids

(1)

4.1.4 Oxidative Stress

(1)

4.2 Flavonoids and Cardiovascular Diseases

(1)

4.3 Pomegranate Juice (PJ) Inhibits Atherosclerotic Lesion Development

(1)

4.3.1 Studies in Atherosclerotic Mice

(1)

4.3.2 Studies in Humans

(2)

4.4 The Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Hypertension

(1)

4.5 The Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Platelet Activity

(1)

4.6 The Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Serum Lipid Pattern

(1)

4.7 The Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Oxidative Stress in Serum

(1)

4.7.1 Serum Lipid Peroxidation

(1)

4.7.2 LDL and HDL Oxidation

(1)

4.7.3 Paraoxonase 1 (PON1)

(1)

4.8 The Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Macrophage Atherogenicity

(1)

4.8.1 Macrophage Oxidative Stress

(1)

4.8.2 Macrophage Cholesterol Metabolism

(1)

4.8 Perspectives and Future Directions

(2)

References

(11)

Chapter 5 Protection against Stroke

(16)

Marva I. Sweeney-Nixon

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Cardiovascular Diseases

(1)

5.2.1 Types of Cardiovascular Diseases

(1)

5.2.1.1 Heart Disease

(1)

5.2.1.2 Stroke

(1)

5.3 Cardiovascular Disease Statistics

(1)

5.4 Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases

(1)

5.5 Mechanisms of Stroke Damage

(1)

5.5.1 Acute Phase of Neuronal Injury

(1)

5.5.2 Subacute Phase of Brain Injury

(1)

5.5.3 Chronic Phase of Brain Injury

(1)

5.6 Pomegranates

(1)

5.6.1 Chemistry

(1)

5.6.2 Effects of Pomegranates on Antioxidant Status

(1)

5.6.3 Effects of Pomegranates on Atherosclerosis and Hypertension

(1)

5.6.4 Effects of Pomegranates on Stroke

(1)

5.6.4.1 Neonatal Animals

(1)

5.6.4.2 Adult Animals

(2)

5.7 Effects of Pomegranates on Inflammation

101

(1)

5.8 Conclusions

101

(2)

References

103

(4)

B. Cancer

Chapter 6 Anticancer Potential of Pomegranate

107

(10)

Shishir Shishodia, Lynn Adams, Indra D. Bhatt, and Bharat B. Aggarwal

6.1 Introduction

107

(1)

6.2 Chemical Components of the Pomegranate

108

(1)

6.3 Antitumor Effects of the Pomegranate

109

(2)

6.4 Effect on NF-KB Activation

111

(1)

6.5 Effect on COX-2

112

(1)

6.6 Effect on Angiogenesis

112

(1)

6.7 Effect on Invasion

113

(1)

6.8 Conclusion

113

(1)

Acknowledgment

114

(1)

References

114

(3)

Chapter 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Chemoprevention of Cancer by Pomegranate

117

(16)

Deeba Syed, Arshi Malik, Naghma Hadi, Caroline Schmitt, Farrukh Afaq, and Hasan Mukhtar

7.1 Introduction

117

(1)

7.2 Cancer Chemoprevention

118

(1)

7.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Chemoprevention

119

(1)

7.4 Chemical Constituents of Pomegranate

119

(1)

7.5 Pomegranate and Skin Cancer

120

(5)

7.6 Pomegranate and Prostate Cancer

125

(1)

7.7 Pomegranate and Lung Cancer

126

(1)

7.8 Future Directions and Conclusions

127

(2)

References

129

(4)

Chapter 8 Pomegranate and Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention

133

(10)

John T. Leppert and Allan J. Pantuck

8.1 Introduction

133

(1)

8.2 Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer

134

(1)

8.3 Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer

134

(1)

8.4 Nutritional Cancer Chemoprevention

134

(1)

8.5 Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer

135

(1)

8.6 Pomegranate and Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention

136

(2)

8.7 Discussion

138

(1)

8.8 Conclusions

139

(1)

References

140

(3)

C. Estrogen Studies

Chapter 9 Assessment of Estrogenicity of Pomegranate in an In Vitro Bioassay

143

(14)

Diane M. Harris, Emily Besselink, and Navindra P. Seeram

9.1 Introduction

143

(4)

9.2 Preclinical Studies of Estrogenic Activity

147

(2)

9.3 Assay of Estrogenic Activity of Pomegranate in a Breast Cancer Cell Bioassay

149

(1)

9.3.1 Experimental Methodologies

149

(1)

9.3.1.1 Test Compounds

149

(1)

9.3.1.2 Plasmids

149

(2)

9.3.2 Results

151

(1)

9.3.3 Conclusion and Discussion

151

(2)

Acknowledgments

153

(1)

References

154

(3)

Chapter 10 Absence of Significant Estrogenic Effects in the Postmenopausal Population

157

(10)

Michelle P. Warren, Eliza Ng, Russalind H. Ramos, and Sari Halpert

10.1 Estrogens, Phytoestrogens, and Their Effects in Women

157

(1)

10.1.1 Hot Flushes

160

(1)

10.2 A Study of Estrogenic Effects in the Postmenopausal Population

161

(1)

10.2.1 Design and Procedures

161

(1)

10.2.2 Results and Discussion

162

(2)

References

164

(3)

D. Antimicrobial

Chapter 11 Antimicrobial Activities of Pomegranate

167

(20)

G.K. Jayaprakasha, P.S. Negi, and B.S. Jena

11.1 Introduction

167

(1)

11.2 Medicinal Uses of Pomegranates

168

(1)

11.3 Antibacterial Activity

169

(3)

11.4 Antifungal Activity

172

(1)

11.5 Antiviral Activity

172

(1)

11.6 Antidiarrheal Activity

173

(1)

11.7 Other Related Bioactivities

174

(1)

11.8 Structure Activity Relationships

174

(2)

11.9 Conclusions

176

(1)

Acknowledgment

177

(1)

References

177

(10)

SECTION 3 Commercialization

Chapter 12 Commercialization of Pomegranates: Fresh Fruit, Beverages, and Botanical Extracts

187

(12)

Navindra P. Seeram, Yanjun Zhatzg, and David Heber

12.1 Introduction

187

(1)

12.2 Pomegranates as Fresh Fruit and Juice

188

(1)

12.3 Pomegranates as Botanical Extracts

189

(1)

12.3.1 Issues with the Dietary Supplement Industry

190

(1)

12.3.2 Traditional Medicinal Uses of Pomegranates

190

(1)

12.4 Chemical Markers of Pomegranates

190

(2)

12.4.1 Hydrophilic Markers of Pomegranates

191

(1)

12.4.2 Lipophilic Markers

192

(1)

12.5 Studies of Seven Commercial Pomegranate Botanical Extracts

192

(2)

12.5.1 Phytochemical Analyses

192

(1)

12.5.2 Stability Studies

192

(2)

12.6 Conclusions

194

(1)

References

195

(4)

SECTION 4 Plant Growth and Improvement

Chapter 13 Pomegranates: A Botanical Perspective

199

(12)

David W. Still

13.1 Ancient History

199

(2)

13.2 Domestication

201

(1)

13.3 Botanical Description

202

(1)

13.4 Cultural Conditions

202

(1)

13.5 Genetic Diversity

203

(4)

13.6 Summary

207

(1)

References

207

(4)

Chapter 14 Postharvest Biology and Technology of Pomegranates

211

(12)

Adel A. Kader

14.1 Introduction

211

(1)

14.2 Morphological Characteristics

212

(1)

14.3 Composition and Compositional Changes during Maturation and Ripening

212

(1)

14.4 Maturity Indices

213

(1)

14.5 Quality Indices

213

(1)

14.6 Postharvest Physiology

214

(2)

14.6.1 Respiration and Ethylene Production Rates

214

(1)

14.6.2 Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Deterioration Rate

214

(1)

14.6.3 Responses to Ethylene

214

(1)

14.6.4 Responses to Modified Atmospheres

214

(1)

14.6.5 Physiological Disorders

215

(1)

14.6.5.1 Chilling Injury

215

(1)

14.6.5.2 Husk Scald

216

(1)

14.7 Postharvest Pathology

216

(1)

14.7.1 Decay-Causing Pathogens

216

(1)

14.7.2 Decay Control Methods

216

(1)

14.8 Postharvest Handling Systems

217

(1)

14.8.1 Preparation for Market

217

(1)

14.8.2 Optimal Storage Conditions

217

(1)

14.9 Factors Affecting Quality and Safety of Pomegranate Arils

217

(1)

References

218

(5)

SECTION 5 Summary

Chapter 15 Summary

223

(4)

Rica N. Schulman

15.1 Biochemistry

224

(1)

15.2 Cardiovascular

224

(1)

15.3 Cancer

224

(1)

15.4 Estrogen Studies

225

(1)

15.5 Antimicrobial

225

(1)

15.6 Commercialization

225

(1)

15.7 Plant Growth and Improvement

225

(1)

Conclusion

225

(1)

References

226

(1)

Index

227

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Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine

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