Porous Plastics

A unique book by a well-known polymer scientist on a subject that is trending in plastics/polymer engineering.

Porous polymers are materials that are having pores in their design. Porous polymers are important for various fields of application and are used with pores of different sizes, i.e., from macropores to micropores.

This book focuses on the issues of porous polymers as well as low molecular compounds that can be introduced in porous polymers. The book begins with a chapter about polymers that are used for porous materials. Here, among others, microporous polymer networks, hyper-crosslinked polymers, and rigid ladder-type porous polymers are detailed. Related issues are also detailed in the subsequent chapters. In the next chapter, the major synthesis methods for porous polymers are described. Then, the properties and material testing methods, such as standards, are described in a chapter. In the following chapters, special fields of applications of porous polymers are described in detail, such as: medical uses, thermal insulation, membranes, separation methods, and other fields of use.

Audience
The book will be used by plastics engineers, materials scientists and polymer scientists/researchers in both industry and academia./p>

Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published many books on physical chemistry and polymer science including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2009), The Chemistry of Biobased Polymers, 2^nd edition (Wiley-Scrivener 2019), and 3D Industrial Printing with Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2019) and The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering (Wiley-Scrivener 2020).

Preface xi

1 Materials 1

1.1 Styropor 1

1.2 Porous Coordination Polymers 2

1.2.1 Multifunctional Pillared-Layer Material 2

1.2.2 Porous Coordination Polymer-Ionic Liquid Composite 3

1.3 Networks 7

1.3.1 Microporous Polymer Networks 7

1.3.2 Amorphous Microporous Polymer Networks 7

1.4 Rigid Ladder-Type Porous Polymers 19

1.5 Photocatalysts 20

1.5.1 Compounds for Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation 20

1.5.2 Floating Photocatalysts 22

1.5.3 Photocatalysts with Side Chains 24

References 26

2 Synthesis Methods 29

2.1 Porogens 29

2.1.1 Polymers and Organic Solvents 29

2.1.2 Water as Porogen 31

2.1.3 Solid Porogens 31

2.2 Living Radical Polymerization 32

2.3 Emulsion Polymerization 32

2.3.1 High Internal Phase Emulsion Polymerization 32

2.3.2 Microchannel Emulsification 40

2.4 Solvent-Free Polymerization 41

2.5 Suspension Polymerization 43

2.6 Multistage Polymerization Techniques 45

2.7 Azo Coupling 46

2.8 Precipitation Polymerization 46

2.9 Microfluidics 47

2.10 Photocatalysis 49

2.11 Thermal Drawing 50

2.12 Biodegradable Foam 53

2.13 Biocompatible Porous Three-Dimensional Polymer Matrices 53

2.14 Breath-Figure Method 54

2.14.1 Effects of the Chemical Structure of Polymers 55

2.14.2 Coating Layers with Selective Wettability on Filter Papers 56

2.15 Superabsorbent Polymers 57

2.16 Functionalization Methods 65

2.16.1 Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry 65

2.16.2 Ionic Bond Functionalization 66

2.16.3 Pore-Size-Specific Functionalization 67

References 67

3 Properties 73

3.1 Special Materials 73

3.1.1 Porous Polymer Pressure Sensors 73

3.1.2 Crack Propagation Behavior 74

3.2 Standard Test Methods 74

3.2.1 Polymeric Scaffolds 76

3.2.2 Leaks in Porous Medical Packaging 77

3.2.3 Pore Diameter and Permeability 77

3.2.4 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry 78

3.2.5 Pore Size of a Membrane Filter 78

3.2.6 Computed Tomography 79

3.2.7 Water Absorption 79

3.2.8 Microbial Ranking of Porous Packaging Materials 80

3.2.9 Antibacterial Properties 81

3.2.10 Performance of Antimicrobials 81

3.2.11 Surgical Implants 81

3.2.12 Acoustical Properties 83

3.2.13 Detection of Leaks in Packaging 84

3.2.14 Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents 85

References 85

4 Medical Uses 89

4.1 Medical Diagnostics 89

4.1.1 Extracellular Vesicles 89

4.2 Medical Devices 94

4.2.1 Stent Grafts 96

4.2.2 Vascular Grafts 103

4.3 Medical Applications 106

4.3.1 Porous Polymer Microneedles 106

4.3.2 Flexible Pressure Sensors 107

4.3.3 Bone Regeneration 108

4.3.4 Release of Therapeutic Agents 111

4.3.5 Implant Dentistry 114

4.4 Biomedical Applications 130

4.4.1 Macroporous Hydrogels 131

4.4.2 Alginate Foams 132

4.4.3 Biodegradable Sponges 133

4.4.4 Biomedical Scaffolds 134

4.4.5 Biodegradable Electronic Materials 135

4.4.6 Optical Fibers 136

4.4.7 Bead Sorbent 137

References 146

5 Thermal Insulation 153

5.1 Prediction Models 154

5.2 Radiative and Conductive Heat Transfer 155

5.3 Studies of Thermal Conductivity 156

5.3.1 Macroporous Polymer-Derived SiOC Ceramics 156

5.4 Poly(ethylene) Foams 157

5.5 Rigid Foams 157

5.5.1 Aromatic Polymers 157

5.5.2 PVC 162

5.5.3 Poly(urethane) 169

5.6 Microporous Foams 174

5.6.1 Microporous Poly(styrene) 174

5.6.2 Conjugate Microporous Foams 175

5.7 Resilient Porous Polymer Foams 176

5.8 Electrically Conductive Networks 178

5.8.1 Poly(lactic acid) 178

5.8.2 Natural Rubber 178

5.9 Electroconducting Polymer Coatings 181

5.10 Foam Insulation Structure 182

5.11 Passive Cooling 185

5.11.1 Radiative Cooling 186

5.11.2 Passive Building Cooling 187

5.12 Sulfur-Containing Polymers 189

5.13 Nanocellular Polymers 189

5.13.1 Poly(methyl methacrylate) Thermoplastic Poly(urethane) Composites 189

5.13.2 Poly(methyl methacrylate) Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites 190

5.14 Household Applications 191

5.14.1 Refrigerator 198

5.15 Fluid Storage Tank 199

5.16 Thermal Insulation for High Explosives 200

5.17 Aerogels 202

5.17.1 Polysaccharide-Based Aerogels 202

5.17.2 Silica Aerogels 203

5.17.3 Aerogel Fibers 206

References 207

6 Membranes 211

6.1 Cellulose Acetate 211

6.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 215

6.2.1 Grafted Phosphonium Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 216

6.2.2 Hollow Fiber Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 218

6.2.3 Casting Methods 220

6.3 Poly(amino acid)s 221

6.4 Hyper-crosslinked Polymers 221

6.5 Membrane for Specific Molecular Separation 222

6.6 Treatment of Water 223

6.6.1 Ammonia Removal 223

6.6.2 Fine Pore Aeration 224

6.6.3 Water Contamination Treatment 224

6.7 Enzyme Reactors 240

6.7.1 Thermoresponsive Enzyme Reactor 240

6.7.2 Reversible pH-Control 242

6.7.3 UV-Responsive Enzyme Reactor 244

6.7.4 Kidney Mimicking 244

6.8 Electrolyte Membranes 246

6.8.1 Membranes for Fuel Cells 246

6.9 Membranes for Batteries 255

6.9.1 Membranes for Lithium-Ion Batteries 255

6.9.2 Membranes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 263

6.9.3 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries 265

6.10 pH-Sensitive Gating in Membranes 266

References 268

7 Separation Methods 275

7.1 Chromatography 275

7.1.1 Solid Phase Extraction 275

7.1.2 Liquid Chromatography 276

7.1.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography 293

7.1.4 Gas Chromatography 294

7.1.5 Gel Permeation Chromatography 297

7.1.6 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 299

7.2 Oil Spill Control 302

7.2.1 Polyolefins 302

7.2.2 Porphyrin 303

7.2.3 Poly(urethane) Sponge 304

7.2.4 Hierarchical Porous Membrane 305

7.2.5 Waste Polymers 307

7.3 Sorbents 309

7.3.1 Purification of Ethylene 309

7.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Capture 309

7.4 Recovery of Organic Materials 314

7.4.1 Adsorption of Acteoside 314

7.4.2 Toxic Organic Materials 316

7.4.3 Removal of Organic Micropollutants 319

7.4.4 Lysozyme Extraction 326

7.5 Metal Recovery 328

7.5.1 Rice Straw in Poly(urethane) Foams 328

7.5.2 Bonding of Metal-Containing Ions 329

7.5.3 Porous Porphyrin Polymer 331

7.5.4 Iminodiacetic Acid-Functionalized Polymer 340

7.5.5 Removal of Toxic Elements 341

7.5.6 Polyfunctional Sorbent Materials 342

References 348

8 Other Fields of Use 355

8.1 Ceramic Articles 355

8.2 Polymer-Modified Porous Cement 357

8.3 Flame Retardant Foams 357

8.3.1 Poly(urethane) Foam 357

8.4 Clay-Containing Composites 360

8.4.1 Tissue Engineering 360

8.4.2 Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composites 360

8.4.3 Hectorites 361

8.4.4 Catalyst Supports 362

8.5 Lubricant Additives 366

8.6 Cosmetic Compositions 366

8.7 Packaging Materials 367

8.7.1 Breathable Films 367

8.8 Char Layer 367

8.9 Batteries 368

8.9.1 Electrodes 368

8.9.2 Rechargeable Batteries 371

8.10 Light Emission 373

8.10.1 Porous Conjugated Polymer 373

8.10.2 Oxacalixarene Macrocycle 375

8.10.3 Tetraphenylcyclopentadiene 376

8.10.4 Porous Silicone 376

8.10.5 Light-Emitting Diodes 377

8.11 Sorbents 378

8.11.1 Porous Hyper-Crosslinked Polymers 378

References 378

Index 381

Acronyms 381

Chemicals 386

General Index 402

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