Power System Analysis

Provides a basic comprehensive treatment of the major electrical engineering problems associated with the design and operation of electric power systems. The major components of the power system are modeled in terms of their sequence (symmetrical component) equivalent circuits. Reviews power flow, fault analysis, economic dispatch, and transient stability in power systems.

Charles A. Gross is the author of Power System Analysis, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1

(30)

1.1 A Brief History of the Power Industry

3

(6)

1.2 Structure of an Electrical Power System

9

(3)

1.3 Electrical Energy Transmission

12

(8)

1.4 Electrical Energy Production

20

(3)

1.5 Electrical Loads

23

(8)

CHAPTER 2 SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE CIRCUIT CONCEPTS

31

(46)

2.1 Phasor Representation

32

(3)

2.2 Impedances of Passive Elements

35

(4)

2.3 Power in Sinusoidal Steady-State Circuits

39

(5)

2.4 The General N-Phase Situation

44

(7)

2.5 The General Balanced Three-Phase System

51

(5)

2.6 Symmetrical Components

56

(1)

2.7 The a Operator as used in Symmetrical Component Representation

57

(5)

2.8 The Effect on Impedance

62

(2)

2.9 Power Considerations

64

(2)

2.10 Symmetrical Components Extended to the N-Phase Case

66

(2)

2.11 Balanced N-Phase Operation Using Symmetrical Components

68

(1)

2.12 Summary

69

(8)

CHAPTER 3 POWER SYSTEM REPRESENTATION

77

(20)

3.1 Per-Phase Analysis

78

(2)

3.2 The Per-Unit System

80

(5)

3.3 The Per-Unit System Extended to N-Phase Systems

85

(4)

3.4 The One-Line Diagram

89

(3)

3.5 Summary

92

(5)

CHAPTER 4 TRANSMISSION LINES

97

(68)

4.1 Line Series Resistance

100

(2)

4.2 Line Series Impedance

102

(11)

4.3 Shunt Admittance

113

(7)

4.4 Consideration of Line Length

120

(10)

4.5 Power Loading for Power Transmission Lines

130

(5)

4.6 Line Compensation

135

(5)

4.7 Line Insulation and Lightning

140

(3)

4.8 Transient Analysis of Transmission Lines

143

(9)

4.9 The Surge Arrester

152

(3)

4.10 dc Transmission

155

(1)

4.11 Corona

156

(2)

4.12 Summary

158

(7)

CHAPTER 5 THE POWER TRANSFORMER

165

(50)

5.1 The Three-Winding Ideal Transformer Equivalent Circuit

167

(7)

5.2 A Practical Three-Winding Transformer Equivalent Circuit

174

(2)

5.3 Transformers in Three-Phase Connections

176

(7)

5.4 Phase Shift in Wye-Delta connections

183

(2)

5.5 The Two-Winding Transformer

185

(2)

5.6 Determining Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit Values for Power Transformers

187

(4)

5.7 Per-Unit Scaling Extended to Systems with Transformers

191

(7)

5.8 Autotransformers

198

(2)

5.9 The Regulating Transformer

200

(4)

5.10 Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios Modeled in Per-Unit

204

(5)

5.11 Summary

209

(6)

CHAPTER 6 THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

215

(40)

6.1 Synchronous-Machine Construction

217

(4)

6.2 The Synchronous-Machine Equivalent Circuit

221

(4)

6.3 The Turbine-Generator-Exciter System

225

(10)

6.4 Operating Limits on Synchronous Generators

235

(4)

6.5 The Salient-Pole Synchronous Machine

239

(6)

6.6 Synchronous-Machine Electrical Transient Performance

245

(6)

6.7 Summary

251

(4)

CHAPTER 7 THE POWER FLOW PROBLEM

255

(48)

7.1 Basic Considerations

256

(3)

7.2 Formulation of the System [Y] Array

259

(5)

7.3 Statement of the Power Flow Problem

264

(3)

7.4 Solving Nonlinear Algebraic Equations by Newton-Raphson Methods

267

(6)

7.5 The Newton-Raphson Method Applied to the Power Flow Problem

273

(7)

7.6 Simplifications of the Newton-Raphson Method: The Fast Decoupled Power Flow

280

(5)

7.7 Power Flow: An Application

285

(8)

7.8 Further Refinements of Power Flow

293

(5)

7.9 Summary

298

(5)

CHAPTER 8 OPERATING AND CONTROLLING POWER SYSTEMS

303

(30)

8.1 The Economic Dispatch Problem

305

(9)

8.2 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses

314

(9)

8.3 System Voltage Control

323

(4)

8.4 Controlling Through-Power Flow by Means of Magnitude- and Phase-Changing Transformers

327

(2)

8.5 Summary

329

(4)

CHAPTER 9 BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FAULTS

333

(34)

9.1 Simplifications in the System Model

334

(6)

9.2 The Balanced Three-Phase Fault

340

(3)

9.3 The Single-Line-to-Ground Fault

343

(4)

9.4 The Line-to-Line Fault

347

(3)

9.5 The Double-Line-to-Ground Fault

350

(3)

9.6 Calculating Interior Voltages and Currents in Faulted Systems

353

(3)

9.7 Prefault Load Current

356

(2)

9.8 Further Considerations

358

(5)

9.9 Summary

363

(4)

CHAPTER 10 FAULT ANALYSIS BY COMPUTER METHODS

367

(38)

10.1 Formulating the Impedance Matrix

368

(2)

10.2 A Programmable Method for Formulating [Z]

370

(8)

10.3 Sequence Fault Impedance Matrices

378

(2)

10.4 General Fault Analysis Equations

380

(5)

10.5 Line Current Calculations

385

(3)

10.6 An Application

388

(2)

10.7 Summary

400

(5)

CHAPTER 11 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

405

(84)

11.1 Detecting System Variables: Instrument Transformers

406

(11)

11.2 Relays

417

(11)

11.3 Circuit Interrupters: Fuses and Circuit Breakers

428

(10)

11.4 Sequence Filters

438

(5)

11.5 Bus Protection

443

(2)

11.6 Transformer Protection

445

(7)

11.7 Motor and Generator Protection

452

(5)

11.8 Line Protection

457

(27)

11.9 Summary

484

(5)

CHAPTER 12 POWER SYSTEM DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE

489

(60)

12.1 The Basic Synchronous Machine Equation of Motion

491

(3)

12.2 Inertia Concepts

494

(3)

12.3 Prime-Mover Power Control

497

(8)

12.4 Tie Line Power Exchange

505

(3)

12.5 Generator Excitation Dynamics

508

(6)

12.6 The Transient-Stability Problem

514

(7)

12.7 Predicting Stability: Equal-Area Methods

521

(5)

12.8 Solution of the Swing Equation

526

(5)

12.9 Multimachine Systems

531

(8)

12.10 An Application

539

(4)

12.11 Summary

543

(6)

APPENDIX A The SI System of Units

549

(4)

APPENDIX B Some Useful Mathematical Relations

553

(2)

APPENDIX C Basic Matrix Concepts

555

(12)

APPENDIX D General Calculation of Power Transmission Line Parameters

567

(22)

Index

589

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Power System Analysis

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

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Summary

Author Biography

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