Power System Harmonics

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ISBN: 9780470851296 | 0470851295
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/21/2003

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Harmonic distortion problems include equipment overheating, motor failures, capacitor failure and inaccurate power metering. The topic of power system harmonics was covered for the first time 20 years ago and the first edition has become a standard reference work in this area. Unprecedented developments in power electronic devices and their integration at all levels in the power system require a new look at the causes and effects of these problems, and the state of hardware and software available for harmonic assessment. Following the successful first edition, this second edition of Power System Harmonics maintains the practical approach to the subject and discusses the impact of advanced power electronic technology on instrumentation, simulation, standards and active harmonic elimination techniques. Features include: A new chapter on modern digital instrumentation techniques. Added sections on active filters and modern distorting devices such as FACTS devices, multilevel conversion, current source, voltage source inverters and turn-OFF-related power electronic devices. References to international standards for harmonics and inter-harmonics. Numerical examples of technique application. Offering a comprehensive understanding of power systems, this book is an asset to power engineers involved in the planning, design and operation of power system generation, transmission and distribution. Researchers and postgraduate students in the field will also benefit from this useful reference.

Preface

1 Subject Definition and Objectives

(16)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 The Mechanism of Harmonic Generation

(4)

1.3 Definitions and Standards

(7)

1.3.1 Factors Influencing the Development of Standards

(1)

1.3.2 Existing Harmonic Standards

(3)

1.3.3 General Harmonic Indices

(1)

1.4 Relevance of the Topic

(3)

1.5 References

(2)

2 Harmonic Analysis

(44)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Fourier Series and Coefficients

(2)

2.3 Simplifications Resulting from Waveform Symmetry

(3)

2.4 Complex Form of the Fourier Series

(2)

2.5 Convolution of Harmonic Phasors

(2)

2.6 The Fourier Transform

(2)

2.7 Sampled Time Functions

(1)

2.8 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

(3)

2.9 The Nyquist Frequency and Aliasing

(2)

2.10 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

(3)

2.11 Window Functions

(9)

2.11.1 The Picket Fence

(1)

2.11.2 Spectral Leakage Reduction

(1)

2.11.3 Choice of Window Function

(3)

2.11.4 Main-Lobe Width Reduction

(1)

2.11.5 Application to Inter-Harmonic Analysis

(2)

2.12 Efficiency of FFT Algorithms

(5)

2.12.1 The Radix-2 FFT

(1)

2.12.2 Mixed-Radix FFT

(1)

2.12.3 Real-Valued FFTs

(1)

2.12.4 Partial FFTs

(2)

2.13 Alternative Transforms

(6)

2.13.1 The Wavelet Transform

(3)

2.13.2 Automation of Disturbance Recognition

(2)

2.14 Discussion

(1)

2.15 References

(3)

3 Harmonic Sources

(82)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Transformer Magnetisation Nonlinearities

(5)

3.2.1 Normal Excitation Characteristics

(1)

3.2.2 Determination of the Current Waveshape

(1)

3.2.3 Symmetrical Overexcitation

(1)

3.2.4 Inrush Current Harmonics

(1)

3.2.5 D.C. Magnetisation

(2)

3.3 Rotating Machine Harmonics

(7)

3.3.1 M.m.f. Distribution of A.C. Windings

(1)

3.3.2 Three-Phase Winding

(1)

3.3.3 Slot Harmonics

(1)

3.3.4 Voltage Harmonics Produced by Synchronous Machines

(2)

3.3.5 Rotor Saliency Effects

(1)

3.3.6 Voltage Harmonics Produced by Induction Motors

(1)

3.4 Distortion Caused by Arcing Devices

(5)

3.4.1 Electric Arc Furnaces

(2)

3.4.2 Discharge-Type Lighting

(3)

3.5 Single-Phase Rectification

(6)

3.5.1 D.C. Power Supplies

(3)

3.5.2 Line-Commutated Railway Rectifiers

(3)

3.6 Three-Phase Current-Source Conversion

(31)

3.6.1 Basic (Six-Pulse) Configuration

(3)

3.6.2 Effect of Transformer Connection

(1)

3.6.3 Twelve-Pulse Related Harmonics

(1)

3.6.4 Higher-Pulse Configurations

(1)

3.6.5 Effect of Transformer and System Impedance

(4)

3.6.6 Direct Voltage Harmonics

(2)

3.6.7 Imperfect D.C. Voltage Smoothing

(5)

3.6.8 Half-Controlled Rectification

104

(1)

3.6.9 Uncharacteristic Harmonic and Inter-Harmonic Generation

104

(8)

3.6.10 Frequency Cross-Modulation in Line-Commutated Converter Systems

112

(4)

3.7 Three-Phase Voltage-Source Conversion

116

(3)

3.7.1 Multi-Level VSC Configurations

117

(2)

3.8 Inverter-Fed A.C. Drives

119

(7)

3.9 Thyristor-Controlled Reactors

126

(4)

3.9.1 The Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

126

(3)

3.9.2 Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC)

129

(1)

3.10 Modulated Phase Control

130

(7)

3.10.1 The Switching Function Approach

133

(2)

3.10.2 Derivation of Input Current Harmonics

135

(2)

3.11 A.C. Regulators

137

(3)

3.11.1 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controller

137

(1)

3.11.2 Integral Cycle Control

138

(2)

3.12 Discussion

140

(1)

3.13 References

141

(2)

4 Effects of Harmonic Distortion

143

(48)

4.1 Introduction

143

(1)

4.2 Resonances

143

(6)

4.2.1 Parallel Resonance

143

(1)

4.2.2 Series Resonance

144

(1)

4.2.3 Effects of Resonance on System Behaviour

145

(2)

4.2.4 Complementary and Composite Resonances

147

(2)

4.2.5 Poor Damping

149

(1)

4.3 Effects of Harmonics on Rotating Machines

149

(4)

4.3.1 Harmonic Losses

149

(2)

4.3.2 Harmonic Torques

151

(1)

4.3.3 Other Effects

152

(1)

4.4 Effect of Harmonics on Static Power Plant

153

(3)

4.4.1 Transmission System

153

(1)

4.4.2 Transformers

153

(2)

4.4.3 Capacitor Banks

155

(1)

4.5 Power Assessment with Distorted Waveforms

156

(13)

4.5.1 Single-Phase System

156

(5)

4.5.2 Three-Phase System

161

(5)

4.5.3 Power Factor Under Harmonic Distortion

166

(2)

4.5.4 Effect of Harmonics on Measuring Instruments

168

(1)

4.6 Harmonic Interference with Ripple Control Systems

169

(1)

4.7 Harmonic Interference with Power System Protection

170

(1)

4.7.1 Harmonic Problems During Fault Conditions

170

(1)

4.7.2 Harmonic Problems Outside Fault Conditions

171

(1)

4.8 Effect of Harmonics on Consumer Equipment

171

(1)

4.9 Interference with Communications

172

(15)

4.9.1 Simple Model of a Telephone Circuit

173

(1)

4.9.2 Factors Influencing Interference

173

(1)

4.9.3 Coupling to Communication Circuits

174

(3)

4.9.4 Effect on Communication Circuits (Susceptiveness)

177

(7)

4.9.5 Telephone Circuit Balance to Earth

184

(1)

4.9.6 Shielding

185

(1)

4.9.7 Mitigation Techniques

186

(1)

4.10 Audible Noise from Electric Motors

187

(1)

4.11 Discussion

187

(1)

References

187

(4)

5 Harmonic Monitoring

191

(28)

5.1 Introduction

191

(1)

5.2 Measurement Requirements

191

(4)

5.2.1 The IEC 61000 4-7 Document

191

(2)

5.2.2 Inter-Harmonics

193

(1)

5.2.3 Harmonic Phase-Angle Displacement

194

(1)

5.2.4 Harmonic Symmetrical Components

195

(1)

5.3 Transducers

195

(5)

5.3.1 Current Transformers

195

(2)

5.3.2 Voltage Transformers

197

(3)

5.4 Harmonic Instrumentation

200

(6)

5.4.1 Digital Instrumentation

202

(3)

5.4.2 Structure of a Modern Monitoring System

205

(1)

5.5 Data Transmission

206

(1)

5.6 Presentation of Harmonic Information

207

(3)

5.7 Examples of Application

210

(7)

5.7.1 Synchronised Tests

210

(5)

5.7.2 Group-Connected HVD.C. Converter Test

215

(2)

5.8 Discussion

217

(1)

5.9 References

217

(2)

6 Harmonic Elimination

219

(42)

6.1 Introduction

219

(1)

6.2 Passive Filter Definitions

219

(2)

6.3 Filter Design Criteria

221

(2)

6.3.1 Conventional Criteria

221

(1)

6.3.2 Advanced Filter Design Criteria

222

(1)

6.4 Network Impedance for Performance Calculations

223

(5)

6.4.1 Size of System Representation

223

(1)

6.4.2 Effect of A.C. Network Resistance at Low Frequencies

224

(1)

6.4.3 Impedance Envelope Diagrams

225

(3)

6.5 Tuned Filters

228

(7)

6.5.1 Graphic Approach

231

(2)

6.5.2 Double-Tuned Filters

233

(1)

6.5.3 Automatically Tuned Filters

234

(1)

6.6 Damped Filters

235

(2)

6.6.1 Types of Damped Filters

236

(1)

6.6.2 Design of Damped Filters

236

(1)

6.7 Conventional Filter Configurations

237

(5)

6.7.1 Six-Pulse Design

237

(5)

6.7.2 Twelve-Pulse Configuration

242

(1)

6.8 Band-Pass Filtering for Twelve-Pulse Converters

242

(3)

6.9 Distribution System Filter Planning

245

(1)

6.10 Filter Component Properties

246

(1)

6.10.1 Capacitors

246

(1)

6.10.2 Inductors

247

(1)

6.11 Filter Costs

247

(6)

6.11.1 Single-Tuned Filter

248

(2)

6.11.2 Band-Pass Filter

250

(3)

6.12 D.C. Side Filters

253

(2)

6.13 Active Filters

255

(4)

6.13.1 Series Connection of Active Filters

256

(1)

6.13.2 Shunt Connection of Active Filters

257

(2)

6.14 Discussion

259

(1)

6.15 References

259

(2)

7 Computation of Harmonic Flows

261

(90)

7.1 Introduction

261

(1)

7.2 Direct Harmonic Analysis

261

(5)

7.2.1 Frequency Scan Analysis

264

(1)

7.2.2 Incorporation of Harmonic Voltage Sources

264

(1)

7.2.3 Cascading Sections

265

(1)

7.3 Derivation of Network Harmonic Impedances from Field Tests

266

(3)

7.3.1 Use of Existing Sources (Online Non-Invasive Tests)

266

(2)

7.3.2 Direct Injection (Online Invasive Tests)

268

(1)

7.3.3 From Transient Waveforms (Online Non-Invasive Tests)

268

(1)

7.4 Transmission Line Models

269

(17)

7.4.1 Mutually Coupled Three-Phase Lines

273

(3)

7.4.2 Consideration of Terminal Connections

276

(1)

7.4.3 Equivalent PI Model

277

(5)

7.4.4 Evaluation of Transmission Line Parameters

282

(4)

7.5 Underground and Submarine Cables

286

(4)

7.6 Three-Phase Transformer Models

290

(5)

7.7 Generator Modelling

295

(1)

7.8 Shunt Elements

295

(2)

7.9 Series Elements

297

(1)

7.10 Distribution System Modelling

298

(1)

7.11 Load Models

299

(5)

7.11.1 Induction Motor Model

302

(1)

7.11.2 Norton Equivalents of Residential Loads

303

(1)

7.11.3 Empirical Models Based on Measurements

304

(1)

7.12 Computer Implementation

304

(7)

7.12.1 Harmonic Penetration Overview

305

(1)

7.12.2 An Advanced Program Structure

305

(2)

7.12.3 Data Structure

307

(4)

7.13 Examples of Application of the Models

311

(33)

7.13.1 Harmonic Flow in a Homogeneous Transmission Line

311

(7)

7.13.2 Impedance Loci

318

(8)

7.13.3 Harmonic Analysis of Transmission Line with Transpositions

326

(8)

7.13.4 Harmonic Analysis of Transmission Line with VAR Compensation

334

(1)

7.13.5 Harmonic Analysis of an HVD.C. Transmission Line

335

(9)

7.14 Simulation Backed by Field Tests

344

(3)

7.14.1 Post-Processing of Transmission Line Harmonics for Test Result Comparisons

346

(1)

7.15 Discussion

347

(1)

7.16 References

348

(3)

8 Advanced Harmonic Assessment

351

(40)

8.1 Introduction

351

(1)

8.2 Transfer Function Model

351

(2)

8.3 Iterative Harmonic Analysis (IHA)

353

(6)

8.3.1 Fixed-Point Iterative Method

353

(1)

8.3.2 The Method of Norton Equivalents

354

(1)

8.3.3 Hybrid Time/Frequency Domain Solution

354

(2)

8.3.4 The Harmonic Domain

356

(3)

8.4 Harmonic Power Flow

359

(6)

8.4.1 Components of a Three-Phase Newton HPF Solution

360

(5)

8.5 Harmonic State Estimation

365

(4)

8.5.1 Load and Harmonic Source Identification

368

(1)

8.6 The Electromagnetic Transients Solution

369

(18)

8.6.1 Time Step Selection

370

(1)

8.6.2 A.C. System Representation

370

(1)

8.6.3 Frequency-Dependent Network Equivalents

370

(1)

8.6.4 Case Study

371

(16)

8.7 Discussion on Advanced Harmonic Modelling

387

(1)

8.8 References

388

(3)

Index

391

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Power System Harmonics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials