Practical Data Communications

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ISBN: 9780471392736 | 0471392731
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/2/2001

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Data communication is the movement of encoded data by electronic means. It is the fastest growing segment of the telecommunications industry and is involved in almost every facet of life today. Written by bestselling telecommunications expert Roger Freeman, this updated edition provides a complete overview of data communications and a comprehensive guide to its practical aspects. Both a tutorial and a practical reference for the design and operation of data networks, this is the most comprehensive and detailed book available on data communications.

Preface

xxix

The Enterprise Network Environment

(12)

Enterprise Networks

(2)

Types of Network Topology

(3)

Network Access: An Overview

(1)

Initial Network Design Considerations

(1)

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Service

(1)

Data Protocols: Key to Network Operation

(5)

Introduction

(1)

Basic Protocol Functions

(2)

References

(2)

The OSI Model and the Data-Link Layer

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Layering

(1)

Notation

(1)

Basic Structuring Technique

(1)

Type and Instance

(1)

Possible Sublayers

(1)

Data Units

(1)

Specific Layers of the OSI Reference Model

(1)

Layer Descriptions

(14)

Specific Comments on OSI

(1)

General

(1)

Discussion of OSI Layers 1--4

(5)

The Physical Layer (Layer 1)

(1)

The Data-Link Layer (Layer 2)

(2)

The Network Layer (Layer 3)

(1)

Internet Protocol (IP) and Gateway Layer (Layer 3.5)

(1)

The Transport Layer (Layer 4)

(1)

Procedural Versus Electrical

(2)

Narrative

(1)

References

(2)

High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Typical Data-Link Layer Protocol

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Stations and Configurations

(1)

Modes of Operation Used with HDLC

(1)

HDLC Frame Structure

(6)

Sequence Numbering in HDLC

(2)

The Poll/Final Bit

(1)

Supervisory Frames

(1)

Unnumbered (U) Frames

(1)

Information Field

(1)

Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field

(1)

Commands and Responses

(3)

Mode-Setting Commands

(2)

Miscellaneous Commands

(1)

Responses to Unnumbered Commands

(1)

Frame Operation

(1)

Error Recovery

(1)

Other Station Modes

(1)

SDLC Variations with HDLC

(2)

References

(2)

Data Network Operations

(16)

Chapter Objective

(1)

General Requirements for the Interchange of Data

(1)

Discussion of Issues and Requirements

(3)

Pathway(s) Exist(s)

(1)

Access to the Pathway

(1)

Directing the Data Messages to Its Intended User(s)

(1)

Data Urgency

(1)

Maintenance of Data Integrity

(1)

Error Detection Schemes

(3)

Parity Checks

(1)

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

(2)

Error Correction Schemes

(3)

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

(1)

Forward Error Correction (FEC)

(2)

Data Switching

(6)

Philosophy of ``Data Signaling'' Versus Telephone Signaling

(2)

Smart Bridges, Routers, and Switching Hubs

(1)

References

(2)

Data Transmission I

(16)

Electrical Communication of Information

(1)

The Bit and Binary Transmission of Information

(3)

Binary Codes for Data Communication

(3)

Electrical Bit Decisions

(3)

Electrical Representation of Binary Data

(2)

Neutral and Polar Waveforms

(1)

Waveforms and Line Codes

(1)

Binary Conventions

(1)

Bit-Parallel and Bit-Serial

(1)

Baseband

(1)

Data Rate

(2)

Error Rate

(1)

References

(1)

Data Transmission II

(32)

Interpreting a Serial Stream of Bits

(4)

The Problem

(1)

Start--Stop Transmission

(2)

Synchronous Transmission

(2)

Timing Distortion in a Serial Bit Stream

(1)

The Transmission of Digital Data

(13)

Baseband Transmission

(1)

Transmission of Data over Longer Distances

(1)

The Voice Channel

(1)

Modems

(2)

Voice Channel Impairments to Data Transmission

(5)

Data Circuit Performance

102

(1)

Introduction to Error Performance

102

(1)

Error Performance from an ITU-T Perspective

103

(4)

Error Performance from a Bellcore Perspective

107

(1)

Interface at the Physical Layer

107

(9)

Introduction

107

(1)

The DTE-DCE Interface

108

(2)

EIA/TIA-232 Electrical Interface

110

(2)

Functional Description of Selected Interchange Circuits

112

(2)

EIA/TIA Interface Standards: EIA/TIA-530, EIA/TIA-422, and EIA/TIA-423

114

(2)

The Question of Bandwidth

116

(5)

Bandwidth Versus Bit Rate

116

(1)

Bandwidth Defined

116

(1)

First and Second Bandwidth Approximations

116

(1)

Shannon

117

(1)

Summary

118

(1)

References

118

(3)

The Telecommunications Network as a Vehicle for Data Transport

121

(34)

The Public Switched Telecommunication Network

121

(2)

Introduction

121

(1)

Access to the PSTN: The Subscriber Network

122

(1)

Introduction to Digital Networks

123

(16)

Rationale

123

(1)

Development of a PCM Signal

123

(8)

The Concept of Frame

131

(3)

The Line Code

134

(1)

Regenerative Repeaters

135

(1)

Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems

136

(3)

Line Rates and Codes

139

(1)

Brief Overview of Digital Switching

139

(7)

Advantages and Issues of PCM Switching

139

(1)

Approaches to PCM Switching

140

(1)

Time Switch

140

(2)

Space Switch

142

(2)

Time--Space--Time Switch

144

(2)

Space--Time--Space Switch

146

(1)

Digital Network Structure

146

(1)

Digital Network Impairments and Performance Requirements

147

(2)

Error Performance

147

(1)

Slips

147

(1)

Definition

147

(1)

North American Slip Objectives

148

(1)

CCITT Slip Objectives

148

(1)

Data Transmission on the Digital Network

149

(2)

The Problem

149

(1)

Some Solutions

149

(1)

The North American Digital Data System (DDS)

150

(1)

Bit Integrity in a Time Slot

150

(1)

Interconnects and Bypass

151

(1)

Bypass in Economically Evolving Nations

152

(3)

References

152

(3)

The Transmission of Data over the Analog Voice Channel

155

(48)

Background

155

(1)

Two-Wire Versus Four-Wire Operation

156

(3)

What Is Two-Wire and Four-Wire Operation?

156

(1)

Two-Wire Transmission

156

(1)

Four-Wire Transmission

156

(3)

Echo and Singing: Telecommunication Network Impairments

159

(1)

Amplitude Distortion and Phase Distortion

159

(6)

Introduction

159

(1)

Amplitude Distortion

160

(1)

Phase Distortion

160

(1)

Conditioning and Equalization

161

(4)

Data Modems

165

(38)

Where We Are and Where We Are Going

165

(1)

Getting More Bits per Hertz

165

(3)

Specific High-Speed Modems

168

(6)

Scrambling and Its Rationale

174

(2)

Introduction to Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)

176

(2)

The V.34 Modem: 28,8000 bps and 33,600 bps

178

(1)

General

178

(1)

Selected Definitions

179

(1)

An Overview of Selected Key Areas of Modem Operation

179

(4)

Framing

183

(3)

Encoder

186

(1)

The V.90 Modem---Maximum Data Rate: 56 kbps

187

(1)

Principal Characteristics

187

(1)

Definitions

188

(3)

Overview of V.90 Operation

191

(1)

V.90 Encoder

191

(1)

Mapping Parameters

192

(1)

Input Bit Parsing

192

(1)

Modulus Encoder

192

(2)

Mapper

194

(1)

Spectral Shaping

194

(2)

Spectral Shaper

196

(2)

Spectral Shape Filter

198

(1)

Sign Assignment

198

(1)

MUX

198

(1)

Analog Modem

198

(2)

References

200

(3)

Data Communications in the Office Environment, Part 1

203

(86)

Introduction

203

(1)

Distinguishing Characteristics of LANs

204

(2)

How LAN Protocols Relate to OSI

206

(1)

Logical Link Control (LLC)

206

(17)

LLC Sublayer Services and Primitives

208

(1)

Unacknowledged Connectionless-Mode Service

209

(1)

Connection-Mode Service

209

(1)

Type 1 and Type 2 Operation

210

(1)

LLC PDU Structure

211

(1)

Overview

211

(2)

Control Field Formats

213

(1)

Control Field Parameters

214

(2)

Commands and Responses

216

(7)

Medium Access Control (MAC)

223

(9)

Introduction

223

(1)

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

223

(1)

Introduction to CSMA/CD

223

(1)

MAC Frame Structure for CSMA/CD

223

(6)

CSMA/CD Basic Operation

229

(3)

CSMA/CD---Current Status and Advanced Operation

232

(20)

General

232

(1)

Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex

232

(1)

Compatability Interfaces---Physical Layer

232

(4)

Layer Interface Requirements

236

(1)

Functional Capabilities of MAC Sublayer

236

(2)

Allowable Implementations---Parameterized Values

238

(1)

Definition of Slot Time

239

(1)

CSMA/CD System Designation

239

(1)

Physical Signaling (PLS) and Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)---Selected Discussion

240

(1)

Frame Structure Across the AUI

240

(1)

Signal Characteristics

241

(3)

Medium Attachment Unit (MAU)---10BASES

244

(1)

Broadband CSMA/CD, 10BROAD36---Overview

244

(5)

System Configurations for Multisegment 10-Mbps Baseband Networks

249

(1)

Overview

249

(2)

Shrinkage of the Interpacket Gap (IPG)

251

(1)

Transmission System Model 1

251

(1)

Typical Topologies Applicable to Transmission System Model 1

252

(1)

100-Mbps CSMA/CD Baseband Networks

252

(22)

Overview---Key Points

252

(2)

Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Media Independent Interface (MII)---Introduction

254

(1)

Physical Layer Signaling Systems

255

(1)

Repeater

256

(1)

Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Media-Independent Interface (MII)---Description Details

256

(4)

MII Frame Structure

260

(1)

100BASE-T4, Its PMA, and PCS

261

(1)

Introduction

261

(1)

Objectives

261

(1)

Description

262

(2)

Summary of Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Specification

264

(1)

Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Sublayer, Type 100BASE-X

264

(1)

Objectives

264

(1)

Functional Requirement

264

(7)

System Considerations for Multisegment 100BASE-T Networks

271

(1)

Physical Size of the Network

271

(1)

Transmission Models

272

(1)

Round-Trip Collision Delay---Key to Network Operation and Maximum Size

273

(1)

1000-Mbps CSMA/CD Networks

274

(15)

Overview

274

(2)

Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Gigabit Media-Independent Interface (GMII)

276

(1)

Overview

276

(1)

GMII Data Stream

276

(1)

Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Sublayer, 1000BASE-X

277

(1)

Overview

277

(1)

Objectives

278

(1)

Summary of 1000BASE-X Sublayers

278

(1)

Physical Coding Sublayers (PCS)

279

(4)

System Considerations for Multisegment 1000-Mbps Networks

283

(1)

Overview

283

(1)

Single-Collision-Domain Multisegment Networks

284

(1)

Transmission System Model 1

285

(1)

Transmission System Model 2

285

(3)

References

288

(1)

Data Communications in the Office Environment, Part 2

289

(74)

Medium Access Control---Token-Passing Schemes

289

(46)

Introduction

289

(1)

Token-Passing Bus

290

(1)

Token-Bus Frame Formats

291

(1)

Operational Aspects

292

(1)

Token-Passing Ring

293

(1)

Overview

293

(2)

Token-Ring Frame Formats

295

(6)

Token-Ring Symbol Transmission Characteristics

301

(2)

Symbol Decoder

303

(1)

Latency

303

(2)

Station Organization and Basic PMC Requirements

305

(3)

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

308

(1)

Introduction and Overview

308

(2)

Ring Transmission

310

(2)

Protocol Data Units

312

(2)

FDDI Timers and Timing Budget

314

(1)

FDDI Ring Operation

314

(2)

Wireless LANs (WLANs)

316

(1)

Introduction

316

(1)

Definitions

316

(2)

Frame Formats

318

(5)

Overview of the WEP

323

(1)

MAC Access

323

(9)

Overview of the Air Interface

332

(3)

Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and Hubs

335

(1)

Definitions and Interactions

335

(1)

LAN Bridges---Overview

335

(20)

The IEEE 802.1 Bridge

338

(1)

Applications of the 802.1 Bridge

338

(1)

Principles of Operation

338

(6)

The Spanning Tree Algorithm

344

(6)

Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU)

350

(2)

Source Routing Bridges

352

(2)

Remote Bridges

354

(1)

Hubs and Switching Hubs

355

(1)

Rationale and Function

355

(1)

Improvements in Hub Technology

355

(1)

Routers

356

(2)

Addressing with Hierarchical Significance

356

(2)

Subnet Masks

358

(1)

Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)

358

(1)

Servers and Intranets

359

(4)

Servers

359

(1)

Intranet and Extranet

360

(1)

References

360

(3)

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

363

(70)

Background and Scope

363

(1)

Basic Approaches

364

(3)

Point-to-Point Links

364

(1)

Economy Versus Data Perishability

364

(1)

Dedicated Circuits

365

(1)

Data Multiplexers and Statmultiplexers

366

(1)

Time Division Multiplexing

366

(1)

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

366

(1)

Packet Networks for Data Communication

367

(19)

Introduction to Packet Data

367

(2)

Packet-Switched and Virtual Connections Based on ITU-T Rec. X.25

369

(1)

Introduction

369

(1)

X.25 Packets Are Contained in LAPB Frames

370

(2)

Single-Link and Multilink Procedures

372

(1)

Packet-Level DTE/DCE Interface

373

(4)

A Typical X.25 Packet

377

(4)

Typical X.25 Transmission Exchange of Packets

381

(1)

Addressing in X.25

382

(3)

Assignment of Logical Channels

385

(1)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

386

(28)

Background and Application

386

(1)

TCP/IP and Data-Link Layers

387

(3)

The IP Routing Function

390

(1)

Detailed IP Operation

391

(1)

Frame Format of an IP Datagram: Description of Functions

391

(6)

IP Routing

397

(2)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

399

(3)

The Transmission Control Protocol

402

(1)

TCP Defined

402

(1)

TCP Mechanisms

403

(1)

ULP Synchronization

404

(1)

ULP Modes

404

(1)

Scenario

405

(3)

TCP Header Format

408

(2)

TCP Entity State Diagram

410

(1)

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

410

(1)

IPv6 Routing

410

(1)

IPv6 Header

411

(3)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

414

(1)

UDP Header Format and Fields

414

(1)

The CLNP Protocol Based on ISO 8473

415

(9)

CLNP Frame Formats

416

(1)

Frame Field Description---Fixed Part

416

(7)

Error Report PDU (ER)

423

(1)

Reason for Discard

423

(1)

Networking via VSATs

424

(6)

Rationale of VSAT Networks

424

(1)

Basic Description of a VSAT Network

425

(1)

Disadvantages of a VSAT Network

425

(2)

Important Design Variables

427

(1)

Definitions

428

(1)

Optimizing Bandwidth Usage

428

(2)

Hypothetical Reference Connections for Public Synchronous Data Networks

430

(3)

References

431

(2)

Frame Relay

433

(50)

How Can Networks Be Speeded Up?

433

(3)

The Genesis of Frame Relay

435

(1)

Introduction to Frame Relay

436

(8)

The Frame Structure

437

(4)

Address Field Discussion

441

(1)

Address Field Variables

441

(3)

DL-CORE Parameters (As Defined by ANSI)

444

(1)

Procedures

444

(1)

Traffic and Billing on Frame Relay

445

(1)

PVCs and SVCs

446

(1)

Two Types of Interfaces: UNI and NNI

446

(1)

Congestion Control: A Discussion

447

(6)

Network Response to Congestion

448

(1)

User Response to Congestion

448

(1)

Consolidated Link Layer Management (CLLM) Messages

449

(3)

Action of a Congested Node

452

(1)

Flow Control and Possible Applications of FECN and BECN Bits

453

(2)

FECN Usage

453

(1)

BECN Usage

454

(1)

Policing a Frame Relay Network

455

(3)

Introduction

455

(1)

Definitions

455

(1)

Relationship Among Parameters

456

(2)

Quality of Service Parameters

458

(1)

Network Responsibilities

459

(1)

Frame Relay Signalling Functions

460

(14)

PVC Management Procedures

461

(1)

Message Definition

461

(2)

Description of Operation: Health and Welfare, PVC Link

463

(5)

Signaling Required for SVCs

468

(6)

Compatibility Issues

474

(9)

References

480

(3)

Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs)

483

(44)

Introduction

483

(1)

ISDN Structures

483

(2)

ISDN User Channels

483

(1)

Basic and Primary Rate Interfaces

484

(1)

User Access and Interface

485

(3)

General

485

(3)

ISDN Protocols and Protocol Issues

488

(2)

ISDN Networks

490

(3)

ISDN Protocol Structures

493

(12)

ISDN and OSI

493

(1)

Layer 1 Interface, Basic Rate (CCITT)

494

(1)

Primitives Between Layer 1 and Other Entities

495

(1)

Interface Functions

495

(1)

Frame Structure

496

(2)

Line Code

498

(1)

Timing Considerations

498

(1)

BRI Differences in the United States

498

(2)

Layer 1 Interface, Primary Rate

500

(1)

Interface at 1.544 Mbps

501

(3)

Interface at 2.048 Mbps

504

(1)

Overview of Layer 2 Interface: Link Access Procedure for the D Channel (LAPD)

505

(9)

Layer 2 Frame Structure for Peer-to-Peer Communication

509

(5)

Overview of Layer 3

514

(6)

Layer 3 Specification

516

(2)

General Message Format and Information Elements Coding

518

(2)

ISDN Packet Mode Review

520

(7)

Introduction

520

(1)

Case A: Configuration When Accessing PSPDN Services

520

(1)

Case B: Configuration for the ISDN Virtual Circuit Service

521

(2)

Service Aspects

523

(1)

Access to PSPDN Services---Case A

523

(1)

Access to the ISDN Virtual Circuit Service---Case B

523

(1)

References

524

(3)

Building and Campus Wiring and Cabling for Data Communications

527

(24)

Background and Objective

527

(1)

Major Elements of Telecommunication Building Layout

528

(1)

Horizontal Cabling

528

(2)

Selection of Media

529

(1)

Backbone Cabling

530

(2)

Topology of Backbone Cabling

530

(1)

Selecting Cable Media

530

(2)

Telecommunication Closets

532

(1)

Cabling Practices

532

(1)

Entrance Facilities

533

(1)

100-Ω Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cabling Systems

533

(2)

UTP Category Definitions

533

(1)

Horizontal UTP Cable

534

(1)

Specific Transmission Characteristics

534

(1)

Backbone UTP Cabling

535

(3)

Transmission Performance Requirements

535

(1)

Connecting Hardware for UTP Cable

536

(2)

150-Ω Shielded Twisted-Pair Cabling Systems

538

(1)

Transmission Performance Requirements

538

(1)

Optical Fiber Cabling Systems

539

(2)

Backbone Optical Fiber Cable

540

(1)

Grounding and Bonding Infrastructure for Commercial Buildings

541

(5)

Rationale

541

(1)

The Telecommunications Bonding Backbone (TBB)

542

(1)

The Telecommunications Main Grounding Busbar (TMGB)

543

(1)

The Telecommunications Grounding Busbar (TGB)

544

(1)

Bonding to the Metal Frame of a Building

544

(1)

Telecommunications Entrance Facility (TEF)

545

(1)

Placement of the TMGB

545

(1)

Telecommunications Closets and Equipment Rooms

546

(1)

Customer-Owned Outside Plant (OSP) Infrastructure

546

(5)

OSP Cabling Infrastructure Defined

546

(1)

OSP Topology

546

(2)

Recognized Cable Media and Media Selection

548

(1)

References

549

(2)

Broadband Data Transport Techniques

551

(50)

Chapter Objective

551

(1)

Introduction to Fiber-Optics Transmission

552

(19)

What is So Good About Fiber-Optic Transmission?

552

(1)

Advantages of Optical Fiber

553

(1)

Overview of an Optical Fiber Link

554

(1)

Optical Fiber Transmission

555

(1)

Optical Fiber Composition

555

(3)

Distortion and Dispersion

558

(3)

Attenuation

561

(1)

Types of Optical Fiber

562

(1)

Multimode Fibers

562

(1)

Single-Mode Fiber

562

(1)

Fiber-Optic Cable

563

(1)

Cable Composition

563

(1)

Fiber-Optic Transmitters

564

(1)

Light-Emitting Diodes

565

(1)

Laser Diodes

566

(1)

Receivers

566

(1)

PIN Photodiodes

566

(1)

Avalanche Photodiodes

567

(1)

Noise

567

(1)

Repeaters

568

(1)

Fiber-Optic Amplifiers

568

(1)

The Joining of Fibers: Splices and Connectors

569

(1)

Splices

569

(1)

Connectors

569

(1)

Modulation and Coding

569

(1)

Digital Signals

570

(1)

Optical Line Coding and Transmission Rate

571

(1)

Higher-Order Multiplexing Formats: SONET and SDH

571

(20)

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

571

(1)

Introduction

571

(1)

SONET Rates and Formats

571

(1)

STS-1 Frame Structure

572

(4)

STS-N Frame Structure

576

(1)

The Structure of Virtual Tributary

577

(4)

SONET Layers and Transport Functions

581

(2)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

583

(1)

SDH Standard Bit Rates

584

(1)

Interface and Frame Structure

584

(4)

Frame Structure

588

(2)

Interconnection of STM-1s

590

(1)

Basic SDH Multiplexing Structure

591

(1)

Line-of-Sight Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Transmission Systems

591

(10)

Broadband Radio Systems

591

(1)

An Overview of Line-of-Sight Microwave

592

(1)

Line of Sight

592

(1)

Typical Line-of-Sight Microwave Installation

593

(3)

Satellite Communications

596

(1)

Concept and Applications

596

(1)

Uplinks and Downlinks

597

(1)

Satellite Orbits

597

(1)

Digital Satellite System Operation and Access

598

(1)

References

599

(2)

Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

601

(80)

Where Are We Going?

601

(1)

Introduction to ATM

602

(3)

User-Network Interface (UNI), Configuration, and Architecture

605

(1)

The ATM Cell: Key to Operation

606

(7)

ATM Cell Structure

606

(5)

Header Error Control Sequence Generation

611

(2)

Idle Cells

613

(1)

Cell Delineation and Scrambling

613

(2)

Delineation and Scrambling Objectives

613

(1)

Cell Delineation Algorithm

614

(1)

ATM Layering and B-ISDN

615

(18)

Functions of Individual ATM/B-ISDN Layers

616

(1)

Physical Layer

616

(2)

The ATM Layer

618

(2)

The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

620

(1)

Sublayering of the AAL

620

(1)

Service Classification of the AAL

620

(13)

Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless

633

(4)

Functional Architecture

633

(2)

CLNAP Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Structure and Encoding

635

(2)

Aspects of a B-ISDN/ATM Network

637

(3)

ATM Routing and Switching

637

(1)

Virtual Channel Level

637

(1)

Virtual Path Level

638

(2)

Signaling Requirements

640

(7)

Setup and Release of VCCs

640

(1)

Signaling Virtual Channels

640

(1)

Requirements for Signaling Virtual Channels

640

(1)

Metasignaling

641

(1)

Metasignaling Functions at the User Access

641

(1)

Relationship Between Metasignaling and User Access Signaling Configuration

641

(1)

Metasignaling Functions in the Network

642

(1)

Metasignaling Requirements

642

(1)

Practical Signaling Considerations

643

(1)

ATM Addressing

644

(1)

Circuit Setup Using ATM Signaling

645

(2)

Quality of Service (QoS)

647

(3)

ATM Service Quality Review

647

(1)

Definitions

647

(1)

Cell Transfer Delay

648

(1)

Cell Delay Variation

648

(1)

Cell Loss Ratio

649

(1)

Mean Cell Transfer Delay

649

(1)

Cell Error Ratio

649

(1)

Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio

650

(1)

Cell Misinsertion Rate

650

(1)

Traffic Control and Congestion Control

650

(9)

Generic Functions

650

(1)

Events, Actions, Time Scales, and Response Times

651

(1)

Quality of Service, Network Performance, and Cell Loss Priority

652

(1)

Traffic Descriptors and Parameters

653

(1)

User--Network Traffic Contract

654

(1)

Operable Conditions

654

Source Traffic Descriptor, Quality of Service, and Cell Loss Priority

652

(2)

Impact of Cell Variation on UPC/NPC and Resource Allocation

654

(2)

Cell Conformance and Connection Compliance

656

(1)

Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA)

657

(2)

Traffic Contract Parameter Specification

659

(1)

Transporting ATM Cells

659

(8)

In the DS3 Frame

659

(1)

DS1 Mapping

660

(2)

E1 Mapping

662

(3)

Mapping ATM Cells into SDH

665

(1)

At STM-1 (155.520 Mbps)

665

(1)

At STM-4 (622.080 Mbps)

665

(1)

Mapping ATM Cells into SONET

666

(1)

Cell Rates for Various Typical Connections

666

(1)

ATM Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)

667

(14)

OAM Levels in the B-ISDN

667

(1)

Mechanisms to Provide OAM Flows

668

(1)

Physical Layer Mechanisms

668

(1)

ATM Layer Mechanism: F4 and F5 Flows

669

(1)

F4 Flow Mechanism

669

(1)

F5 Flow Mechanism

670

(1)

OAM Functions of the Physical Layer

671

(1)

OAM Functions

671

(1)

OAM Functions of the ATM Layer

671

(1)

VP-AIS and VP-FERF Alarms

671

(6)

OAM Functions for the VCC (F5 Flows)

677

(1)

ATM Layer OAM Cell Format

677

(1)

Common OAM Cell Fields

677

(1)

References

678

(3)

Last-Mile Data Distribution Systems

681

(46)

New Approaches to Outside Plant Distribution

681

(1)

Introducing Last-Mile Distribution Systems

682

(5)

Introduction to CATV

687

(29)

The Essentials of TV Signal Distribution on a CATV System

688

(2)

Extending CATV Coverage Area

690

(2)

The DOCSIS Specification

692

(2)

RF Channel Assumptions

694

(2)

Communication Protocols

696

(4)

Logical Link Control

700

(1)

Link-Layer Security Sublayer

700

(1)

MAC Sublayer

700

(1)

Downstream Transmission Convergence Sublayer

701

(1)

PMD Sublayer Overview

701

(1)

Interface Points

702

(1)

Physical-Media-Dependent Sublayer Specification

702

(2)

Modulation Formats and Rates

704

(1)

Symbol Mapping

704

(5)

Burst Profiles

709

(7)

Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)

716

(8)

Frequency Reuse

718

(6)

Other Methods to breach the Last Mile

724

(3)

Remote Wireless (Radio) Bridges

724

(1)

In-Building Wireless Telephone Systems

725

(1)

References

725

(2)

Network Management for Enterprise Networks

727

(30)

What is Network Management?

727

(1)

The Bigger Picture

727

(1)

Traditional Breakout by Tasks

728

(1)

Fault Management

728

(1)

Configuration Management

728

(1)

Performance Management

729

(1)

Security Management

729

(1)

Accounting Management

729

(1)

Survivability---Where Network Management Really Pays

729

(1)

Availability Enhancement---Rapid Troubleshooting

730

(4)

Troubleshooting

731

(3)

System Depth---A Network Management Problem

734

(5)

Aids in Network Management Provisioning

735

(4)

Communication Channels for the Network Management System

739

(1)

An Introduction to Network Management Protocols

739

(10)

Two Network Management Protocols

739

(1)

An Overview of SNMP

740

(6)

SNMP Version 2

746

(1)

Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)

747

(2)

Telecommunications Management Network (TMN)

749

(8)

Objective and Scope

749

(2)

Network Management Functions Carried Out in Upper OSI Layers

751

(4)

References

755

(2)

Appendix I Addressing Conventions

757

(6)

I.1 Transforming Decimal Numbers to Binary Numbers and Transforming Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbering

757

(2)

I.2 Decimal Digit Representation in IP Addresses

759

(2)

I.3 Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers

761

(2)

Appendix II Acronyms and Abbreviations

763

(16)

Index

779

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Practical Data Communications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials