Practical Handbook of Soil, Vadose Zone, and Ground-Water Contamination: Assessment, Prevention, and Remediation, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9781566706100 | 1566706106
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/17/2003

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A synthesis of years of interdisciplinary research and practice, the second edition of this bestseller continues to serve as a primary resource for information on the assessment, remediation, and control of contamination on and below the ground surface. Practical Handbook of Soil, Vadose Zone, and Ground-Water Contamination: Assessment, Prevention, and Remediation, Second Edition includes important new developments in site characterization and soil and ground water remediation that have appeared since 1995. Presented in an easy-to-read style, this book serves as a comprehensive guide for conducting complex site investigations and identifying methods for effective soil and ground water cleanup. Remediation engineers, ground water and soil scientists, regulatory personnel, researchers, and field investigators can access the latest data and summary tables to illustrate key advantages and disadvantages of various remediation methods.

Basic Concepts
Geology, Soils, and Geomorphology	p. 3
Geologic Materials	p. 3
Mineralogy	p. 4
Texture and Fabric	p. 6
Rocks	p. 7
Unconsolidated Materials	p. 10
Geologic Processes	p. 10
Mechanical Weathering	p. 10
Chemical Weathering	p. 10
Erosion and Deposition	p. 11
Stratigraphy and Structure	p. 12
Stratigraphic Relationships	p. 12
Age and Relationship of Stratigraphic Units	p. 13
Folds and Fractures	p. 14
Geologic Maps and Cross Sections	p. 15
Basic Soil Concepts	p. 16
Factors of Soil Formation	p. 16
Soil Classification	p. 17
Soil Physical Properties	p. 18
Soil Chemical Properties	p. 22
Geomorphology and Ground Water	p. 22
Hydrogeomorphology	p. 23
Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology	p. 23
Geologic Settings of Ground Water Occurrence and Quality	p. 25
Ground Water in Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks	p. 27
Ground Water in Sedimentary Rocks	p. 27
Ground Water in Unconsolidated Sediments	p. 28
Regional Relationships in Ground-Water Quality	p. 28
Guide to Major References	p. 30
Ground Water and Vadose Zone Hydrology	p. 41
Ground Water in the Hydrologic Cycle	p. 41
Ground Water-Atmospheric Relationships	p. 42
Precipitation	p. 42
Infiltration	p. 43
Evapotranspiration	p. 44
Distribution of Precipitation in the Hydrologic Cycle	p. 44
Ground Water-Surface Water Relationships	p. 45
Characteristics of Surface Water Flow	p. 45
Drainage Basins	p. 45
Stream Types	p. 46
Surface Water Quality	p. 49
Water in the Vadose Zone	p. 50
Soil Water Energy Concepts	p. 50
Subdivisions of the Vadose Zone	p. 51
Soil Moisture Retention Relationships	p. 52
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Flow	p. 53
Water in the Saturated Zone (1): Fundamental Concepts	p. 54
Hydraulic Head and Gradients	p. 54
Unconfined and Confined Aquifers	p. 54
Heterogeneity and Anisotropy	p. 55
Porous Media vs. Fracture/Conduit Flow	p. 57
Ground Water Fluctuations	p. 57
Ground Water Divides and Other Aquifer Boundaries	p. 59
Water in the Saturated Zone (2): Water Storage and Flow	p. 60
Aquifer Storage Properties: Porosity and Specific Yield/Storativity	p. 61
Water-Transmitting Properties: Hydraulic Conductivity and Transmissivity	p. 62
Darcy's Law	p. 62
Flow Between Aquifers	p. 63
Interstitial Velocity and Time of Travel	p. 64
Ground-Water Pumping Concepts	p. 65
Guide to Major References	p. 67
Soil and Ground Water Geochemistry and Microbiology	p. 81
Key Characteristics of Chemical Systems	p. 81
Equilibrium, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics	p. 82
Heterogeneity and Reversibility	p. 83
Phases and Speciation	p. 83
Distribution vs. Transformation Processes	p. 84
Subsurface Distribution Processes	p. 85
Acid-Base Equilibria	p. 85
Sorption	p. 86
Precipitation and Dissolution	p. 87
Immiscible Phase Separation	p. 88
Volatilization	p. 89
Subsurface Transformation Processes	p. 89
Complexation	p. 89
Hydrolysis	p. 90
Oxidation-Reduction	p. 92
Biotransformation	p. 94
Other Transformation Processes	p. 95
Subsurface Environmental Parameters	p. 96
pH	p. 96
Eh and Other Redox Indicators	p. 97
Salinity	p. 100
Soil and Aquifer Matrix	p. 101
Temperature and Pressure	p. 102
Microbial Ecology of the Subsurface	p. 102
Classification of Microorganisms	p. 102
Natural Biological Activity in the Subsurface	p. 103
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Degradation	p. 104
Biotransformation of Organic Contaminants	p. 105
Guide to Major References	p. 108
Sources and Behavior of Subsurface Contaminants	p. 117
Definitions of Contamination	p. 117
Extent and Sources of Subsurface Contamination	p. 118
Extent of Contamination	p. 118
Major Types of Contaminants	p. 119
Major Sources of Contamination	p. 120
General Mechanisms of Ground Water Contamination	p. 123
Infiltration	p. 124
Recharge from Surface Water	p. 125
Direct Migration	p. 125
Interaquifer Exchange	p. 126
Contaminant Transport Processes	p. 127
Advection	p. 127
Hydrodynamic Dispersion	p. 128
Density/Viscosity Differences	p. 130
Osmotic Potential	p. 134
Facilitated Transport	p. 134
Contaminant Retardation	p. 134
Filtration	p. 135
Sorption	p. 135
Retardation by Sorption	p. 138
Precipitation	p. 139
Transformation	p. 139
Phase Partitioning to Assess Presence of DNAPLs in the Subsurface	p. 139
Soil Water Concentrations from Total Soil Concentrations	p. 140
Soil Water Concentrations from Soil Gas Concentration	p. 140
Contaminant Plume Behavior	p. 141
Geologic Influences	p. 141
pH and Eh	p. 141
Leachate Composition	p. 142
Source Characteristics	p. 142
Interactions of Various Factors on Contaminant Plumes	p. 143
Guide to Major References	p. 147
Assessment and Monitoring
Planning Field Investigations	p. 169
Overview of Investigation Planning Process	p. 169
Investigation Objectives	p. 169
Investigation Scale	p. 170
Planning and Conducting Contaminant Investigations	p. 171
Special Considerations for DNAPL Investigations	p. 175
Accelerated/Expedited Site Characterization Approaches	p. 176
Existing Information Sources	p. 177
Soil and Geomorphic Data	p. 177
Geologic and Hydrologic Data	p. 177
Air Photo Interpretation	p. 180
Developing a Sampling and Monitoring Plan	p. 181
Types of Monitoring	p. 181
Sampling Protocol	p. 182
Sample Location	p. 183
Sample Parameter/Analyte Selection	p. 186
Sampling Frequency, Type, and Size	p. 188
Sample Collection and Handling	p. 189
Data Measurement and Reliability	p. 192
Deterministic vs. Random Geochemical Data	p. 192
Data Representativeness	p. 193
Measurement Bias, Precision, and Accuracy	p. 193
Sources of Error	p. 194
Analytical and QA/QC Concepts	p. 197
Instrumentation and Analytical Methods	p. 197
Limit of Detection	p. 197
Types of QA/QC Samples	p. 199
Statistical Techniques	p. 200
Statistical Approaches to Geochemical Variability	p. 200
Geostatistics	p. 201
Guide to Major References	p. 202
Geophysical and Remote Sensing Techniques	p. 215
Overview of Remote Sensing and Geophysical Techniques	p. 215
Uses of Geophysics in Contamination Studies	p. 215
General Characteristics of Geophysical Methods	p. 217
Airborne Remote Sensing	p. 218
Visible and Near-Infrared Aerial Photography	p. 218
Other Airborne Remote Sensing Techniques	p. 220
Surface Geophysical Methods	p. 221
Electromagnetics	p. 221
Resistivity and Other Electrical Methods	p. 223
Seismic Refraction and Shallow Seismic Reflection	p. 225
Magnetometry	p. 225
Ground-Penetrating Radar	p. 226
Gravimetrics	p. 227
Thermal Methods	p. 227
Borehole Geophysics	p. 228
Electrical and Electromagnetic Logging Methods	p. 229
Nuclear Logging Methods	p. 229
Acoustic and Seismic Logging Methods	p. 231
Lithologic and Hydrogeologic Characterization Logs	p. 232
Downhole Methods in Ground-Water Contamination Studies	p. 233
CPT and Other Direct-Push Sensing Methods	p. 236
Standard ECPT and Piezocone	p. 237
Other CPT and Direct-Push Instrumentation	p. 237
Selection of Geophysical Methods	p. 237
Guide to Major References	p. 238
General Geophysics	p. 238
Ground Water and Contaminated Sites	p. 239
Evaluation of Literature References	p. 239
Characterization of Vadose Zone and Ground Water Hydrology	p. 259
Measurement of Vadose Zone Hydrologic Parameters	p. 259
Matric Potential and Moisture Content	p. 259
Infiltration and Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 260
Other Vadose Water Budget Parameters	p. 262
Other Hydrologic Parameters	p. 263
Preparation and Use of Potentiometric Maps	p. 264
Water Level Measurement	p. 264
Plotting Equipotential Contours	p. 265
Flow Nets	p. 267
Common Errors in Contouring	p. 268
Common Errors in Interpretation	p. 271
Field and Laboratory Measurement of Aquifer Parameters	p. 272
Shallow Water Table Tests	p. 272
Well Tests	p. 272
Other Field Tests	p. 275
Laboratory Measurements	p. 275
Estimation of Subsurface Hydrologic Parameters	p. 276
Estimation from Soil Survey Data	p. 276
Estimation from Aquifer Matrix Type	p. 278
A Simple Well Test for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 279
Special Considerations in Hydrogeologic Mapping	p. 279
Delineation of Aquifer Boundaries	p. 279
Characterization of Aquifer Heterogeneity and Anisotropy	p. 280
Presence and Degree of Confinement	p. 282
Characterization of Fractured Rock and Karst Aquifers	p. 284
Guide to Major References	p. 289
Soil and Ground Water Tracers	p. 305
Types and Uses of Tracer Tests	p. 305
Measurement of Hydrogeologic Parameters	p. 305
Delineation of Contaminant Sources and Plumes	p. 307
Characterizing Vadose Zone Hydrology	p. 308
Tracer Selection	p. 309
Overview of Types of Tracers	p. 309
Hydrogeologic Considerations	p. 310
Tracer Characteristics	p. 310
Other Considerations	p. 311
Tracing in Karst vs. Porous Media	p. 311
Types of Tracers	p. 311
Ions	p. 312
Dyes	p. 313
Gases	p. 316
Isotopes	p. 318
Alcohol Tracers	p. 320
Water Temperature	p. 322
Particulates	p. 322
Tracer Tests in Karst and Fractured Rock	p. 325
Tracer Tests in Porous Media	p. 326
Estimating the Amount of Tracer to Inject	p. 327
Single-Well Techniques	p. 327
Two-Well Techniques	p. 328
Divergent-Line-Drive Techniques	p. 329
Design and Construction of Test Wells	p. 329
Injection and Sample Collection	p. 330
Interpretation of Results	p. 330
Guide to Major References	p. 333
Field Sampling and Monitoring of Contaminants	p. 345
Types of Monitoring Installations	p. 345
Vadose Zone Monitoring Installations	p. 345
Ground Water Monitoring Installations	p. 346
Drilling Methods for Sampling and Well Installation	p. 349
Selection Criteria	p. 349
Auger and Rotary Methods	p. 349
Other Drilling Methods	p. 350
Conventional Monitoring Well Installations	p. 350
Well Casing and Screens	p. 352
Filter Pack, Grouts, and Seals	p. 354
Well Development	p. 356
Well Maintenance, Rehabilitation, and Abandonment	p. 359
Common Design Flaws and Installation Problems	p. 359
Sampling Subsurface Solids and the Vadose Zone	p. 360
Subsurface Solids Sampling	p. 360
Soil Gas Sampling	p. 361
Soil-Solute Sampling	p. 362
Microbiological Sampling and Other Sensitive Constituents	p. 364
Sampling Ground Water	p. 365
Portable Well Samplers	p. 365
Portable/Permanent In Situ Samplers and Sensors	p. 366
Purging	p. 368
New Developments in Multilevel Sampling	p. 368
Field Screening and Analytical Methods	p. 369
Field Analysis vs. CLP Analytical Laboratory	p. 369
Overview of Specific Techniques	p. 370
Types of Analytical Instrumentation	p. 370
Guide to Major References	p. 371
Use of Models and Computers in Contaminant Investigations	p. 393
Uses of Models and Computers	p. 393
Government Decision Making	p. 394
Site Assessment	p. 394
Ground-Water Protection and Remediation	p. 395
Mathematical Approaches to Modeling	p. 395
Deterministic vs. Stochastic Models	p. 395
System Spatial Characteristics	p. 397
Analytical vs. Numerical Models	p. 397
Grid Design	p. 398
Classification of Ground-Water Computer Codes	p. 400
Porous Media Flow Codes	p. 401
Porous Media Solute Transport Codes	p. 402
Hydrogeochemical Codes	p. 404
Specialized Codes	p. 404
General Code Selection Considerations	p. 405
Ground-Water Flow Parameters	p. 406
Contaminant Transport Parameters	p. 407
Computer Hardware and Software	p. 409
Usability and Reliability	p. 409
Quality Assurance/Quality Control	p. 410
Potential Pitfalls	p. 411
Other Geoenvironmental Computer Applications	p. 411
Parameter Identification	p. 412
Code Pre- and Postprocessors	p. 412
Statistical Analysis	p. 412
Data Plotting and Other Graphics	p. 413
Geographic Information Systems	p. 414
Neural Networks and Automated Image Processing	p. 418
Guide to Major Information Sources	p. 418
Prevention and Remediation
Prevention and Minimization of Contamination	p. 439
General Approaches	p. 439
Facility-Specific Waste Management and Control	p. 439
Wellhead Protection Area Management	p. 440
Other Approaches and Programs	p. 440
Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas	p. 440
Criteria for Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas	p. 440
Overview of Wellhead Protection Delineation Methods	p. 443
Vulnerability Mapping	p. 445
Selection of Delineation Methods	p. 447
Identification of Potential Contaminant Sources	p. 450
Step-by-Step Inventory Procedures	p. 452
Cross-Cutting Sources: Wells, Storage Tanks, and Waste Disposal	p. 453
Nonindustrial Sources	p. 453
Commercial and Industrial Sources	p. 453
Assessing the Risk from Potential Contaminants	p. 453
Risk Ranking Methods	p. 455
Other Risk Evaluation Methods	p. 458
Wellhead Protection Area Management	p. 459
General Regulatory and Nonregulatory Approaches	p. 459
General Technical Approaches	p. 460
Specific Regulatory and Technical Approaches	p. 460
Contingency Planning	p. 460
Guide to Major References	p. 468
Remediation Planning	p. 487
Conceptual Approach to Soil and Ground Water Remediation	p. 487
Methodology	p. 489
Site Characterization	p. 490
Assessment of Problem	p. 493
Interim Corrective Action	p. 495
Treatment Approaches	p. 495
Monitoring Program	p. 497
Health and Safety Considerations	p. 498
Selection of Treatment Methods	p. 498
Utility of Mathematical Models	p. 498
Treatability Studies	p. 498
Treatment Trains	p. 501
Measurement and Interpretation of Treatment Effectiveness	p. 502
Guide to Major References	p. 502
Remediation of Contaminated Soils	p. 515
General Approaches to Soil Remediation	p. 515
Soil Vacuum Extraction	p. 517
Significant Chemical Properties	p. 517
Significant Soil Properties	p. 518
Design Considerations	p. 521
Enhanced Biodegradation	p. 523
Passive Soil Vapor Extraction	p. 524
Bioremediation	p. 524
Approaches to In Situ Biological Treatment	p. 525
Significant Environmental Parameters	p. 525
Other Treatment Approaches	p. 528
Sorption, Ion Exchange, and Precipitation	p. 528
Solidification and Stabilization	p. 529
Soil Flushing	p. 530
Soil Thermal Extraction Methods	p. 531
Prepared Bed Reactors	p. 532
Guide to Major References	p. 533
Remediation of Contaminated Ground Water	p. 539
Overview	p. 539
Site Characterization	p. 541
Treatment Trains	p. 541
Regulatory Considerations	p. 542
Source Control	p. 542
Removal	p. 542
Surface Water Controls	p. 544
Containment: Ground-Water Barriers and Flow Control	p. 545
Slurry Trench Wall	p. 545
Grouting	p. 545
Sheet Piling, Membrane, and Synthetic Sheet Curtains	p. 546
Interceptor Systems	p. 546
Hydrodynamic Controls	p. 546
Ground-Water Collection	p. 547
Well Field Pumping	p. 548
Interceptor Systems	p. 550
Ground-Water Treatment after Removal	p. 552
Ground-Water Pump-and-Treat Methods	p. 554
Physical Treatment	p. 554
Chemical Treatment	p. 557
Biological Treatment	p. 558
In Situ Treatment	p. 560
In Situ Physical/Chemical Treatment	p. 560
In Situ Biological Treatment	p. 561
Permeable Reactive Treatment Walls	p. 563
Phytoremediation	p. 565
Enhanced Natural Attenuation	p. 566
Guide to Major References	p. 567
Summary Information on Major Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques	p. 575
Index to ASTM Field and Laboratory Methods Possibly Pertinent to Environmental Site Characterization	p. 597
Tables and Figures for Estimation of Aquifer Parameters	p. 615
Estimating Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain-Size Characteristics	p. 618
Estimating Scale-Dependent Hydrodynamic Dispersivity	p. 624
Worksheets and Checklists for Ground Water and Wellhead Protection	p. 629
Aquifer Properties and Contaminant Fate and Transport Problems and Solutions	p. 659
Contaminated Site Characteristics	p. 659
Groundwater Flow	p. 659
Contaminant Fate and Transport	p. 660
Answers to Problem Set	p. 661
Master List of Figures and Tables with Credits	p. 663
Figure and Table References	p. 670
Index	p. 679
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

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Practical Handbook of Soil, Vadose Zone, and Ground-Water Contamination: Assessment, Prevention, and Remediation, Second Edition

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