Practical Parallel Rendering

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ISBN: 9781568811796 | 1568811799
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/26/2002

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Parallel processing offers the potential to render high- quality images and animations in reasonable times. The book begins by reviewing th basic issues involved in rendering within a parallel or distributed environment. The book continues by examining the strengths and weaknesses of multiprocessor machines and networked render farms for graphics rendering. Case studies of working applications include real-time ray tracing and a full global illumination renderer for high-end production are included.

Preface

I Parallel Rendering

(184)

Introduction to Parallel Processing

(28)

Concepts

(3)

Dependencies

(1)

Scalability

(1)

Control

(1)

Classification of Parallel Systems

(7)

Parallel versus Distributed Systems

(1)

The Relationship of Tasks and Data

(3)

Inherent Difficulties

(1)

Tasks

(1)

Data

(1)

Evaluating Parallel Implementations

(14)

Realization Penalties

(2)

Performance Metrics

(5)

Efficiency

(6)

Task Scheduling and Data Management

(58)

Problem Decomposition

(5)

Algorithmic Decomposition

(1)

Domain Decomposition

(2)

Abstract Definition of a Task

(1)

System Architecture

(2)

Computational Models

(10)

Data Driven Model

(5)

Demand Driven Model

(5)

Hybrid Computational Model

(1)

Task Management

(7)

Task Definition and Granularity

(2)

Task Distribution and Control

(1)

Algorithmic Dependencies

(4)

Task Scheduling Strategies

(12)

Data Driven Task Management Strategies

(1)

Demand Driven Task Management Strategies

(5)

Task Manager Process

(3)

Distributed Task Management

(2)

Preferred Bias Task Allocation

(1)

Data Management

(24)

World Model of the Data: No Data Management Required

(1)

Virtual Shared Memory

(2)

The Data Manager

(7)

Consistency

(4)

Minimizing the Impact of Remote Data Requests

(5)

Data Management for Multistage Problems

(4)

Parallel Global Illumination Algorithms

(44)

Rendering

(2)

Parallel Processing

(2)

Ray Tracing

(2)

Spatial Subdivisions

(13)

Parallel Ray Tracing

(1)

Demand Driven Ray Tracing

(5)

Data Parallel Ray Tracing

104

(3)

Hybrid Scheduling

107

(2)

Radiosity

109

(3)

Form Factors

110

(1)

Parallel Radiosity

111

(1)

Full Matrix Radiosity

112

(4)

Setting Up the Matrix of Form Factors

113

(2)

Solving the Matrix of Form Factors

115

(1)

Group Iterative Methods

115

(1)

Progressive Refinement

116

(4)

Parallel Shooting

118

(2)

Hierarchical Radiosity

120

(2)

Parallel Hierarchical Radiosity

121

(1)

Particle Tracing

122

(4)

Parallel Particle Tracing

123

(1)

Density Estimation

124

(2)

Data Distribution and Data Locality

126

(5)

Data Distribution

127

(1)

Visibility Preprocessing

127

(1)

Environment Mapping

128

(1)

Geometric Simplification

128

(2)

Directional Caching

130

(1)

Reordering Computations

130

(1)

Discussion

131

(2)

Overview of Parallel Graphics Hardware

133

(20)

Pipelining

133

(3)

Parallelism in Graphics Cards

136

(15)

3DLABS Products

136

(3)

Hewlett-Packard Products

139

(3)

SGI Products (Silicon Graphics, Inc.)

142

(4)

UNC Products

146

(3)

Pomegranate Graphics Chip

149

(2)

Conclusion

151

(2)

Coherence in Ray Tracing

153

(32)

Scene Analysis

154

(11)

Distribution of Data Accesses

155

(3)

Temporal Characteristics

158

(4)

Temporal Behaviour per Ray Type

162

(2)

Conclusions

164

(1)

Animation Analysis

165

(20)

Background

166

(1)

Related Work

167

(2)

Frame Coherence Algorithm

169

(5)

Parallel Frame Coherence Algorithm

174

(2)

Results

176

(8)

Summary

184

(1)

II Case Studies

185

(152)

Interactive Ray Tracing on a Supercomputer

187

(30)

System Architecture

188

(6)

Conventional Operation

189

(3)

Frameless Rendering

192

(1)

Performance

193

(1)

Ray Tracing for Volume Visualization

194

(20)

Background

195

(2)

Traversal Optimizations

197

(4)

Algorithms

201

(4)

Results

205

(6)

Discussion

211

(3)

Ray Tracing for Terrain Visualization

214

(1)

Conclusions

215

(2)

Interactive Ray Tracing on PCs

217

(32)

Introduction

217

(4)

Previous Work

220

(1)

An Optimized Ray Tracing Implementation

221

(2)

Code Complexity

221

(1)

Caching

222

(1)

Coherence through Packets of Rays

223

(1)

Parallelism through SIMD Extensions

223

(1)

Ray Triangle Intersection Computation

223

(3)

Optimized Barycentric Coordinate Test

223

(1)

Evaluating Instruction Level Parallelism

224

(1)

SIMD Barycentric Coordinate Test

224

(2)

BSP Traversal

226

(3)

Traversal Algorithm

226

(2)

Memory Layout for Better Caching

228

(1)

Traversal Overhead

229

(1)

SIMD Phong Shading

229

(2)

Performance of the Ray Tracing Engine

231

(5)

Comparison to Other Ray Tracers

231

(2)

Reflection and Shadow Rays

233

(1)

Comparison with Rasterization Hardware

234

(2)

Interactive Ray Tracing on PC Clusters

236

(3)

Overview

238

(1)

Distributed Data Management

239

(2)

Explicit Data Management

239

(2)

Preprocessing

241

(1)

Load Balancing

241

(1)

Implementation

242

(1)

Results

243

(3)

Conclusions

246

(3)

The ``Kilauea'' Massively Parallel Ray Tracer

249

(80)

What Is the Kilauea Project?

249

(1)

Basic Idea

250

(1)

System Design

251

(5)

Hardware Environment

251

(1)

Pthreads

252

(1)

Message Passing

252

(1)

Front-End Process

253

(1)

Launching Kilauea

253

(1)

Single Executable Binary

254

(1)

Multiframe Rendering

254

(1)

Global Illumination Renderer

255

(1)

The ShotData File Format

256

(5)

Parallel Ray Tracing

261

(7)

Implementation

268

(48)

Low-Level Data Structure

268

(9)

MPI (Message Passing Interface) Layer

277

(2)

Tcl Command Interface

279

(2)

Rank and Task

281

(7)

Details of Ray Tracing

288

(3)

Shading Computation

291

(15)

Photon Map Method

306

(4)

Things to Note in Shading Computation

310

(4)

Development in General

314

(2)

Rendering Results

316

(7)

Sample 1: Quatro

316

(3)

Sample 2: Jeep

319

(2)

Sample 3: Jeep 8

321

(1)

Consideration of Rendering Results

322

(1)

Conclusion

323

(2)

Future Plans and Tasks

325

(4)

Parallel Ray Tracing on a Chip

329

(8)

The Smart Memories Chip

329

(2)

The SHARP Ray Tracer

331

(2)

Simulation Results

333

(3)

Caching

334

(1)

Estimated Performance

335

(1)

Conclusions

336

(1)

Bibliography

337

(26)

Index

363

(6)

Author Biographies

369

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Practical Parallel Rendering

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials