Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors

This book focuses on the leadership performances of the political chief executives in the United States, Britain and Germany since the end of the Second World War. Drawing on a wide range of material, Ludger Helms provides a genuinely comparative perspective on the conditions and manifestations of executive leadership in three of the world's largest established democracies.

Ludger Helms is Heisenberg Fellow and Academic Visitor in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

List of Tables and Figures

ix

Acknowledgements

x

List of Abbreviations

xi

Part I Introduction

Studying Executive Leadership

3

(24)

Classifications of Modern Executives

8

(3)

Levels of Executive Activity

11

(4)

The Choice of Countries

15

(1)

Main Currents of Executive Leadership Research

16

(6)

Key Questions and Plan of the Book

22

(5)

Part II Patterns of Core Executive Leadership

The United States: Variations of Presidential Predominance

27

(31)

The Political Profiles of American Post-war Presidents

27

(3)

Staffing the Cabinet and the White House Office

30

(6)

Styles of Presidential Core Executive Decision-making

36

(19)

Conclusion

55

(3)

Britain: Prime Ministers, Cabinets and the Struggle for Supremacy

58

(32)

The Political Profiles of British Post-war Prime Ministers

58

(3)

Staffing the Cabinet and the Administrative Core Executive

61

(9)

Core Executive Leadership in Britain

70

(17)

Conclusion

87

(3)

Germany: Chancellor Dominance and Coalition Rule

90

(37)

The Political Profile of German Post-war Chancellors

90

(5)

Staffing the Cabinet and the Chancellery

95

(8)

Core Executive Leadership in Germany

103

(17)

Conclusion

120

(7)

Part III Executive Leadership in the Wider Political Process

The United States: Providing Leadership in an `Anti-Leadership Environment'

127

(34)

Presidential Leadership in the Congressional Arena

127

(17)

Presidential Leadership and the Influence of other Political Players in the American System

144

(5)

The Public Presidency

149

(8)

Conclusion

157

(4)

Britain: Executive Leadership from the Top

161

(30)

Executive Leadership in the Parliamentary Arena

161

(14)

The Scarcity of Institutional Barriers against Majority Rule

175

(5)

British Governments, the Public and the Media

180

(7)

Conclusion

187

(4)

Germany: Governing a `Semi-sovereign State'

191

(34)

Executive Leadership in the Parliamentary Arena

191

(14)

Executive Leadership in a `Semi-sovereign State'

205

(9)

German Governments, the Public and the Media

214

(6)

Conclusion

220

(5)

Part IV Conclusion

Making Sense of Complexity: Comparative Perspectives and Conclusions

225

(37)

Executive Leadership within the Core Executive

226

(15)

Executive Leadership in the Wider Political Process

241

(11)

Manifestations of `Presidentialism' in Britain and Germany

252

(7)

Concluding Remarks

259

(3)

Notes

262

(21)

References

283

(24)

Index

307

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Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors Executive Leadership in Western Democracies

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials