Principles and Applications of Tribology
, by Bhushan, Bharat
- ISBN: 9781119944546 | 1119944546
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 4/1/2013
In a fully updated edition, Principles and Applications to Tribology, Second Edition gives the solid understanding of tribology which is essential to engineers whilst designing and ensuring the reliability of machine parts and systems. It moves from basic theory to practice, examining tribology from the integrated viewpoint of mechanical engineering, mechanics, and materials science. It offers detailed coverage of the mechanisms of material wear, friction, and all of the major lubrication techniques - liquids, solids, and gases - and examines a wide range of both traditional and state-of-the-art applications. For this edition the author includes updates on friction and wear as well as completely revised material including the latest breakthroughs in tribology at the nano- and micro- level.
Dr Bhushan is Ohio Eminent Scholar and The Howard D. Winbigler Professor as well as Director of the Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics at The Ohio State University. During his career he has received a number of awards and accolades as well as being central to teaching and formulating the curriculum in Tribology-related topics. He is a Fellow and Life Member of American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, as well as various other professional societies.
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Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Definition and History of Tribology
1.2 Industrial Significance of Tribology
1.3 Origins and Significance of Micro/Nanotribology
1.4 Organization of the Book
References
2. Structure and Properties of Solids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Atomic Structure, Bonding and Configuration
2.2.1 Individual Atoms and Ions
2.2.2 Molecules, Bonding and Atomic Coordination
2.3 Crystalline Structures
2.3.1 Planar Structures
2.3.2 Nonplanar Structures
2.4 Disorder in Solid Structures
2.4.1 Point Defects
2.4.2 Line Defects (Dislocations)
2.4.3 Surfaces/Internal Boundaries
2.4.4 Solid Solutions
2.5 Atomic Vibrations and Diffusions
2.6 Phase Diagrams
2.7 Microstructures
2.8 Elastic and Plastic Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue
2.8.1 Elastic Deformation
2.8.2 Plastic Deformation
2.8.3 Plastic Deformation Mechanisms
2.8.4 Fracture
2.8.5 Fatigue
2.9 Time-Dependent Viscoelastic/Viscoplastic Deformation
2.9.1 Description of Time-Dependent Deformation Experiments
References
3. Solid Surface Characterization
3.1 Nature of Surfaces
3.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Solid Surfaces
3.2.1 Deformed Layer
3.2.2 Chemically Reacted Layer
3.2.3 Physisorbed Layer
3.2.4 Chemisorbed Layer
3.2.5 Surface Tension, Surface Energy, and Wetting
3.2.6 Methods of Characterization of Surface Layers
3.3 Analysis of Surface Roughness
3.3.1 Average Roughness Parameters
3.3.2 Statistical Analyses
3.3.3 Fractal Characterization
3.3.4 Practical Considerations in Measurement of Roughness Parameters
3.4 Measurement of Surface Roughness
3.4.1 Mechanical Stylus Method
3.4.2 Optical Methods
3.4.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods
3.4.4 Fluid Methods
3.4.5 Electrical Method
3.4.6 Electron Microscopy Methods
3.4.7 Analysis of Measured Height Distribution
3.4.8 Comparison of Measurement Methods
3.5 Closure
References
4. Contact Between Solid Surfaces
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Analysis of the Contacts
4.2.1 Single Asperity Contact of Homogeneous and Frictionless Solids
4.2.2 Single Asperity Contact of Layered Solids in Frictionless and Frictional
Contacts
4.2.2 Multiple Asperity Dry Contacts
4.3 Measurement of the Real Area of Contact
4.3.1 Review of Measurement Techniques
4.3.2 Comparison of Different Measurement Techniques
4.3.2 Typical Measurements
4.4 Closure
References
5. Adhesion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Solid-Solid Contact
5.2.1 Covalent Bond
5.2.2 Ionic or Electrostatic Bond
5.2.3 Metallic Bond
5.2.4 Hydrogen Bond
5.2.5 van der Waals Bond
5.2.6 Free Surface Energy Theory of Adhesion
5.2.7 Polymer Adhesion
5.3 Liquid Mediated Contact
5.3.1 Idealized Geometries
5.3.2 Multiple – Asperity Contacts
5.4 Closure
References
6. Friction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Solid-Solid Contact
6.2.1 Rules of Sliding Friction
6.2.2 Basic Mechanisms of Sliding Friction
6.2.3 Other Mechanisms of Sliding Friction
6.2.4 Friction Transitions During Sliding
6.2.5 Static Friction
6.2.6 Stick-slip
6.2.7 Rolling Friction
6.3 Liquid Mediated Contact
6.4 Friction of Materials
6.4.1 Friction of Metals and Alloys
6.4.2 Friction of Ceramics
6.4.3 Friction of Polymers
6.4.4 Friction of Solid Lubricants
6.5 Closure
References
7. Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Thermal Analysis
7.2.1 Fundamental Heat Conduction Solutions
7.2.2 High Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa ~ 1) (Individual Contact)
7.2.3 Low Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa << 1) (Multiple Asperity Contact)
7.3 Interface Temperature Measurements
7.3.1 Thermocouple and Thin-Film Temperature Sensors
7.3.2 Radiation Detection Techniques
7.3.3 Metallographic Techniques
7.3.4 Liquid Crystals
7.4 Closure
References
8. Wear
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Wear Mechanisms
8.2.1 Adhesive Wear
8.2.2 Abrasive Wear (by Plastic Deformation and Fracture)
8.2.3 Fatigue Wear
8.2.4 Impact Wear
8.2.5 Chemical (Corrosive) Wear
8.2.6 Electrical-Arc-Induced Wear
8.2.7 Fretting and Fretting Corrosion
8.3 Types of Particles Present in Wear Debris
8.3.1 Plate-Shaped Particles
8.3.2 Ribbon-Shaped Particles
8.3.3 Spherical Particles
8.3.4 Irregularly Shaped Particles
8.4 Wear of Materials
8.4.1 Wear of Metals and Alloys
8.4.2 Wear of Ceramics
8.4.3 Wear of Polymers
8.5 Closure
References
Appendix 8.A Indentation Cracking in Brittle Materials
8.A.1 Blunt Indenter
8.A.2 Sharp Indenter
Appendix 8.B Analysis of Failure Data Using Weibull Distribution
8.B.1 General Expression of the Weibull Distribution
8.B.2 Graphical Representation of a Weibull Distribution
Appendix 8.C Methods for Establishing PV Limit
9. Fluid Film Lubrication
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication
9.2.1 Hydrostatic Lubrication
9.2.2 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
9.2.3 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
9.2.4 Mixed Lubrication
9.2.5 Boundary Lubrication
9.3 Viscous Flow and Reynolds Equations
9.3.1 Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids
9.3.2 Fluid Flow
9.4 Hydrostatic Lubrication
9.5 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
9.5.1 Thrust Bearings
9.5.2 Journal Bearings
9.5.3 Squeeze Film Bearings
9.5.4 Gas-Lubricated Bearings
9.6 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
9.6.1 Forms of Contacts
9.6.2 Line Contact
9.6.3 Point Contact
9.6.4 Thermal Correction
9.6.5 Lubricant Rhelogoy
9.7 Closure
References
10. Boundary Lubrication and Lubricants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Boundary Lubrication
10.3 Liquid Lubricants
10.3.1 Principal Classes of Lubricants
10.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Lubricants
10.3.2 Additives
10.4 Ionic Liquids
10.4.1 Composition of Ionic Liquids
10.4.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids
10.4.3 Lubrication Mechanisms of ILs
10.4.4 Issues on the Applicability of Ionic Liquids as Lubricants
10.5 Greases
10.6 Closure
References
11. Nanotribology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 SFA Studies
11.2.1 Description of an SFA
11.2.2 Static (Equilibrium), Dynamic and Shear Properties of Molecularly Thin
Liquid Films
11.3 AFM/FFM Studies
11.3.1 Description of AFM/FFM and Various Measurement Techniques
11.3.2 Surface Imaging, Friction, and Adhesion
11.3.3 Wear, Scratching, Local Deformation, and Fabrication/Machining
11.3.4 Indentation
11.3.5 Boundary Lubrication
11.4 Atomic-Scale Computer Simulations
11.4.1 Interatomic Forces and Equations of Motion
11.4.2 Interfacial Solid Junctions
11.4.3 Interfacial Liquid Junctions and Confined Films
11.5 Closure
References
12. Friction and Wear Screening Test Methods
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Design Methodology
12.2.1 Simulation
12.2.2 Acceleration
12.2.3 Specimen Preparation
12.2.4 Friction and Wear Measurements
12.3 Typical Test Geometries
12.3.1 Sliding Friction and Wear Tests
12.3.2 Abrasion Tests
12.3.3 Rolling-Contact Fatigue Tests
12.3.4 Solid-Particle Erosion Test
12.3.5 Corrosion Tests
12.4 Closure
References
13. Bulk Materials, Coatings and Surface Treatments for Tribology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bulk Materials
13.2.1 Metals and Alloys
13.2.2 Ceramics and Cermets
13.2.3 Ceramic-Metal Composites
13.2.4 Solid Lubricants and Self-Lubricating Solids
13.3 Coatings and Surface Treatments
13.3.1 Coating Deposition Techniques
13.3.1 Surface Treatment Techniques
13.3.3 Criteria for Selecting Coating Material/Deposition and Surface Treatment
Techniques
13.4 Closure
References
14. Tribological Components and Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Common Tribological Components
14.2.1 Sliding-Contact Bearings
14.2.2 Rolling-Contact Bearings
14.2.3 Seals
14.2.4 Gears
14.2.5 Cams and Tappets
14.2.6 Piston Rings
14.2.6 Electrical Brushes
14.3 MEMS/NEMS
14.3.1 MEMS
14.3.2 NEMS
14.3.3 BioMEMS
14.3.4 Microfabrication Processes
14.4. Material Processing
14.4.1 Cutting Tools
14.4.2 Grinding and Lapping
14.4.3 Forming Processes
14.4.4 Cutting Fluids
14.5 Industrial Applications
14.5.1 Automotive Engines
14.5.2 Gas Turbine Engines
14.5.3 Railroads
14.5.4 Magnetic Storage Devices
14.6 Closure
References
15. Green Tribology and Biomimetics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Green Tribology
15.2.1 Twelve Principles of Green Tribology
15.2.2 Areas of Green Tribology
15.3 Biomimetics
15.3.1 Lessons from Nature
15.3.2 Industrial Significance
15.4 Closure
References
Problems
Appendix A. Units, Conversions and Useful Relations
A.1 Fundamental Constants
A.2 Conversion of Units
A.3 Useful Relations
Subject Index
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