Principles of Aquaculture

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ISBN: 9780471578567 | 0471578568
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/31/1994

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Based on the author's previous work, Principles of Warmwater Aquaculture, this text updates and expands upon the basic principles of aquaculture. Encompasses a wider diversity of aquatic animals including coldwater fishes. Focuses on the practical aspects of water quality, feeding and nutrition, reproduction, breeding, diseases and operations. Deals with the environmental, social and economic aspects of aquaculture. Many of the examples feature species of both sport and commercial interest.

Introduction

(44)

Definition, Scope, and Approach

(1)

A Few Words on Weights and Measures

(1)

Important Culture Species

(3)

World Aquaculture Production

(4)

Aquaculture in the United States

(1)

Government Role in U.S. Aquaculture

(1)

Feeding the World through Aquaculture

(5)

The Art and Science of Aquaculture

(2)

Exotic Species in U.S. Aquaculture

(4)

Extensive and Intensive Aquaculture

(3)

Monoculture and Polyculture

(1)

Freshwater Aquaculture and Mariculture

(2)

Site and Species Selection

(2)

Constraints to Aquaculture Development

(3)

The Future of Aquaculture

(4)

Literature Cited

(7)

Economics

(17)

Getting Started

(3)

Developing a Business Plan

(1)

Fixed Costs

(4)

Land

(1)

Pond Construction

(1)

Earth Moving

(1)

Drainage System

(1)

Gravel

(1)

Vegetative Cover

(1)

Water Supply

(1)

Wells

(1)

Pipe

(1)

Pumps

(1)

Feeding System

(1)

Feeder

(1)

Bulk Storage

(1)

Disease and Weed Control

(1)

Other Equipment

(1)

Boat, Motor, and Trailer

(1)

Tractor(s) and Accessories

(1)

Truck(s)

(1)

Shop Equipment

(1)

Aeration Equipment

(1)

Hauling Tank

(1)

Emergency Equipment

(1)

Support Building(s)

(1)

Operating Costs

(4)

Depreciation

(1)

Interest

(1)

Taxes and Insurance

(1)

Repairs and Maintenance

(1)

Energy

(1)

Chemicals

(1)

Fingerlings

(1)

Feed

(1)

Miscellaneous Supplies

(1)

Labor

(1)

Harvesting and Hauling

(1)

Marketing

(1)

Crop Failure

(1)

Literature Cited

(3)

Water Sources and Systems

(84)

General Considerations

(3)

Water Sources and Pretreatment

(8)

Municipal Water

(1)

Well Water

(5)

Surface Water

(2)

Foreign Species, Predators, and Fouling Organisms

(4)

Aquatic Invaders

(2)

Terrestrial Mammals, Birds, and Poachers

(1)

Fouling Organisms

(2)

Suspended Sediments

(1)

Mechanical Filtration

(3)

Recirculating Water Systems

(26)

Basic Components

(2)

Culture Chambers

(6)

Settling Chambers

(1)

Biofilter Media and Function

(6)

Maintenance of pH

(1)

Moving Water

(1)

Tertiary Treatment

(2)

Backup Systems and Auxiliary Apparatus

100

(1)

Backup Systems

100

(1)

Auxiliary Apparatus

100

(6)

Semiclosed Water Systems

106

(1)

Flowthrough Raceway Systems

107

(4)

Cages and Net pens

111

(7)

Cages

112

(4)

Net pens

116

(2)

Pole, Raft, String, and Tray Culture Systems

118

(5)

Pole Culture

119

(1)

Raft Culture

120

(1)

String Culture

121

(1)

Tray Culture

122

(1)

Ponds

123

(14)

Site Survey and Development of Pond Layout

123

(1)

Toxic Soils

123

(2)

Sealing Ponds Against Leakage

125

(1)

Pond Size

126

(2)

Pond Configuration and Levee Design

128

(4)

Drains and Inflow Lines

132

(3)

Other Considerations

135

(2)

Other Types of Water Systems

137

(3)

Literature Cited

140

(6)

Nonconservative Aspects of Water Quality

146

(55)

General Considerations

146

(1)

Photosynthesis and Primary Production

147

(8)

The Importance of Primary Production in Aquaculture

149

(3)

Measuring Primary Productivity

152

(3)

Plant Nutrients

155

(9)

Nitrogen

155

(8)

Phosphorus

163

(1)

Fertilization

164

(5)

Inorganic Fertilization

164

(2)

Organic Fertilization

166

(3)

Combination Fertilization

169

(1)

Control of Aquatic Vegetation

169

(10)

Mechanical Control

170

(3)

Biological Control

173

(3)

Chemical Control

176

(3)

The Carbonate Buffer System

179

(2)

Dissolved Oxygen

181

(10)

Sources, Sinks, and Acceptable Levels

182

(2)

Measuring Dissolved Oxygen

184

(1)

Causes of Oxygen Depletions

185

(2)

Overcoming Oxygen Depletions

187

(4)

Literature Cited

191

(10)

Conservative Aspects of Water Quality and Physical Aspects of the Culture Environment

201

(56)

General Consideration

201

(1)

Temperature

202

(10)

Thermal Requirements

202

(3)

The Influence of Genetics and Age on Response to Temperature

205

(1)

Response to Seasonal Patterns in Water Tempeature

206

(2)

Synergisms with Temperature

208

(1)

Effects of Temperature on Development

208

(1)

Thermal Shock and Tempering

209

(2)

Overwintering

211

(1)

Salinity

212

(12)

Salinity Measurement and Naturally Occurring Levels

212

(2)

Salinity and Its Control in Mariculture Systems

214

(1)

Osmoregulation

215

(2)

Salinity Tolerance

217

(1)

Anadromous Species

218

(1)

Marine and Estuarine Species

218

(3)

Freshwater Species

221

(2)

Smoltification

223

(1)

Light

224

(5)

Suspended Solids

229

(3)

Alkalinity

232

(1)

Hardness

233

(3)

Substrate Requirements

236

(2)

Density

238

(2)

Pesticides, Herbicides, and Trace Metals

240

(4)

Disposal of Aquaculture Effluent

244

(2)

Literature Cited

246

(11)

Feeds, Nutrition, and Growth

257

(95)

Feeding Strategies and Food Requirements

257

(1)

Natural Foods for Larvae and Fry

258

(7)

Yeast

259

(1)

Algae Culture

260

(2)

Zooplankton Culture

262

(1)

Brachionus Culture

263

(1)

Artemia Culture

264

(1)

Prepared Feeds

265

(11)

Weaning

266

(1)

Purified, Semipurified, and Practical Feeds

267

(1)

Types of Practical Feeds

268

(1)

Microencapsulated Diets

268

(1)

Moist and Semimoist Feeds

269

(1)

Dry Feeds

270

(1)

Feed Storage

271

(1)

Dry Feed Manufacture

272

(1)

Double Drum Dried Feed

273

(1)

Pressure Pellets

274

(1)

Extruded Feeds

275

(1)

Energy and Growth

276

(6)

Protein

282

(9)

Lipid

291

(7)

Carbohydrate

298

(2)

Vitamins

300

(7)

Minerals

307

(4)

Other Factors

311

(6)

Binders

311

(1)

Behavior

311

(1)

Attractants

312

(1)

Pigments

313

(1)

Harmful Substances

313

(3)

Off-flavors

316

(1)

Strategies for Offering Prepared Feed

317

(14)

Food Conversion Ratio and Food Conversion Efficiency

318

(1)

Feeding Rate

319

(2)

Feeding Frequency

321

(1)

Feeding Rate and Frequency Interactions

322

(1)

Methods of Presenting Feed

323

(3)

Adjusting Feeding Rates

326

(5)

Literature Cited

331

(21)

Reproduction, Selective Breeding, and Genetics

352

(63)

Reproductive Strategies

352

(1)

Control of Spawning

353

(1)

Differentiating Sex

354

(1)

Egg Size and Relative Fecundity

355

(3)

Spawning and Larval Rearing Techniques

358

(28)

Channel Catfish

358

(1)

Pond Spawning

359

(2)

Pen Spawning

361

(2)

Aquarium and Tank Spawning

363

(1)

Egg Development and Hatching

364

(2)

Fry Stocking

366

(1)

Genetic Studies

366

(2)

Tilapia

368

(3)

Largemouth Bass

371

(1)

Striped Bass and Hybrid Striped Bass

372

(1)

Trout and Salmon

373

(3)

Red Drum

376

(2)

Penaeid Shrimp

378

(2)

Freshwater Shrimp

380

(1)

Crawfish

381

(2)

Oysters

383

(3)

Hormone Spawning

386

(1)

Sex Control

386

(6)

Hybridization

389

(1)

Triploidy

389

(1)

Gynogenesis

390

(2)

Cryopreservation

392

(1)

Selective Breeding and Genetics

393

(4)

Genetic Engineering

397

(2)

Hatchery Bashing

399

(1)

Literature Cited

400

(15)

Disease, Predation, and Cannibalism

415

(43)

Mortality in Aquaculture

415

(2)

Sanitation

417

(1)

Treatment and Prevention Methodology

418

(7)

Vaccines

418

(1)

Isolation and Environmental Manipulation

419

(3)

Chemical Control of Disease

422

(1)

Calculation of Treatment Levels

423

(2)

Examination of Animals for Disease

425

(2)

Some Common Aquaculture Diseases

427

(4)

Viral Diseases

427

(1)

Channel Catfish Virus Disease (CCV)

427

(2)

Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN)

429

(1)

Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHHN)

429

(1)

Lymphocystis

430

(1)

Bacterial Diseases

431

(4)

Aeromonas hydrophila

431

(1)

Aeromonas salmonicida

432

(1)

Edwardsiella ictaluri

432

(1)

Flexibacter columnaris

433

(1)

Vibrio sp.

434

(1)

Bacterial Kidney Disease

435

(1)

Fungal Infections

435

(1)

Protozoan Diseases

436

(7)

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

436

(3)

Trichodina sp.

439

(1)

Costia sp.

439

(1)

Myxosporidian Parasites

439

(1)

Perkinsus marinus

440

(1)

MSX Disease

440

(1)

Helminth Parasites

441

(1)

Copepods

442

(1)

Predation

443

(2)

Cannibalism

445

(1)

Literature Cited

446

(12)

Harvesting, Hauling, and Processing

458

(23)

Harvesting Intensive Culture Systems

458

(2)

Harvesting Extensive Culture Systems

460

(5)

Specialized Harvesting Techniques

465

(2)

Anesthesia

467

(2)

Live-Hauling

469

(3)

Depuration

472

(1)

Fee Fishing

472

(1)

Processing and Marketing

473

(4)

Literature Cited

477

(4)

Appendix A Conversion Factors for Units of Weight and Measurement in the English and Metric Systems

481

(3)

Appendix B Equivalent Temperatures between 0° and 40°C on the Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales

484

(1)

Index

485

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Principles of Aquaculture

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials