Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice

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ISBN: 9780849320149 | 0849320143
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/26/2005

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As witnessed in landmark criminal cases, the quality and integrity of bloodstain evidence can be a crucial factor in determining a verdict. Principles of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice is an authoritative reference that presents an in-depth investigation of this vital topic. A multidisciplinary approach is presented throughout the book that uses scene and laboratory examinations in conjunction with forensic pathology, forensic serology, and chemical enhancement techniques. Dramatic color images of bloodletting images, bloodstains, and crime scenes are presented to compliment the technical content of this resource.

Foreword

vii

Preface

The Authors

xiii

Contributors

Acknowledgments

xvii

Introduction to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Objectives of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

(1)

Scientific Approach to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

(1)

Historical Development

(4)

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts

(1)

Classification of Bloodstains

(1)

Low-Velocity Impact Blood Spatter

(1)

Medium-Velocity Impact Blood Spatter

(1)

High-Velocity Impact Blood Spatter

(1)

Acceptance within the Scientific Community

(1)

Scientific Working Group for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

(1)

Education and Training in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Medical and Anatomical Aspects of Bloodshed

(30)

Introduction

(1)

The Circulation of Blood

(2)

Rate of Bleeding

(1)

Blood Volume

(2)

Causes of Blood Volume Loss

(17)

Blood Loss Resulting from Medical Conditions

(1)

Bleeding from the Skin

(1)

Bleeding from the Mouth and Nose

(4)

Bleeding from the Respiratory System

(1)

Bleeding from the Gastrointestinal Tract

(1)

Blood Loss Resulting from Injuries

(1)

Abrasions

(1)

Lacerations

(3)

Incised Wounds

(2)

Stab Wounds

(1)

Gunshot Wounds

(2)

Contact Wounds

(1)

Intermediate-Range Gunshot Wounds

(1)

Distant or Long-Range Gunshot Wounds

(1)

Gunshot Exit Wounds

(1)

Postmortem Aspects of Blood in the Body

(7)

Bloodstain Patterns within the Body

(1)

Patterns Associated with Postmortem Lividity

(1)

Patterns Associated with Postmortem Marbling of the Skin

(1)

Petechial Hemorrhaging (Tardieu Spots)

(1)

Patterns Associated with Bruises

(1)

Patterns Associated with Abrasions

(2)

Conclusion

(2)

Biological and Physical Properties of Human Blood

(18)

Biological Functions of Human Blood

(1)

Composition of Blood

(6)

Volume and pH

(1)

Plasma

(2)

White Blood Cells (Leucocytes)

(1)

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

(1)

Hemoglobin

(1)

Platelets (Thrombocytes) and Clotting Factors

(3)

Physical Properties of Blood

(7)

Viscosity

(1)

Blood --- A Non-Newtonian Fluid

(1)

Poiseuille's Equation

(1)

Surface Tension

(3)

Adhesion, Cohesion, and Capillarity

(1)

Relative Density

(2)

Effects of Drugs and Alcohol on Bloodstains

(1)

Blood Use in Experiments

(3)

Physical Properties of Bloodstain Formation

(12)

Drop Formation and Travel

(2)

The Shape of a Falling Drop

(2)

Volume of a Drop of Blood

(1)

Drop Volume as a Function of Source

(2)

Distance Fallen

(2)

Classification of Bloodstain Patterns

(4)

Passive

(1)

Spatter

(1)

Altered

(2)

Passive Bloodstains

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Free-Falling Drops on Horizontal Surfaces

(2)

Free-Falling Drops on Angular Surfaces

(3)

Drip Patterns

(3)

Drip Trails

(3)

Splashed Bloodstain Patterns

(2)

Flow Patterns

(3)

Blood Pools

(1)

Saturation

(1)

Transfer Bloodstains

(4)

Recognizable Blood Transfer Stains

(1)

Conclusion

(7)

Formation of Spatter and Spatter Associated with a Secondary Mechanism

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Physical Properties of Blood Relative to Spatter Formation

(1)

Physical Characteristics of Spatter Patterns

100

(8)

Size Range and Quantity of Spatters

100

(2)

Distribution and Location of Spatter

102

(1)

Shape of Spatters

103

(3)

Effect of Target Surface Texture on Spatter Appearance

106

(1)

Mechanisms Associated with the Creation of Spatter Patterns

107

(1)

Significance of Spatter Identification

108

(1)

Spatter Associated with a Secondary Mechanism

108

(2)

Satellite Spatters on Horizontal Surfaces

110

(2)

Satellite Spatters on Vertical Surfaces

112

(7)

Impact Spatter Mechanisms

119

(30)

Introduction

119

(1)

Impact Spatter Associated with Beating and Stabbing Events

119

(12)

Impact Spatter Associated with Gunshot, Explosions, and Power Tools

131

(5)

Back Spatter

136

(2)

Forward Spatter

138

(9)

Detection of Blood in the Barrels of Firearms

147

(1)

Caveats

148

(1)

Spatter Associated with a Projection Mechanism

149

(30)

Introduction

149

(1)

Arterial Mechanisms

149

(9)

Bloodstain Patterns Produced by Medical Conditions of the Venous System

158

(2)

Expiratory Mechanisms

160

(7)

Expiratory Bloodstain Experiments

167

(2)

Cast-Off Mechanisms

169

(10)

Altered Bloodstain Patterns

179

(38)

Introduction

179

(1)

Diffusion and Capillarity of Bloodstains

179

(1)

Aging of Blood

180

(2)

Drying of Blood

182

(6)

Clotting of Blood

188

(6)

Diluted Bloodstains

194

(2)

Removal of Bloodstains

196

(4)

Effects of Fire and Soot on Bloodstains

200

(6)

Fly and Other Insect Activity

206

(4)

Void Patterns

210

(2)

Sequencing of Bloodstains

212

(4)

Conclusion

216

(1)

Determination of the Area of Convergence and Area of Origin of Bloodstain Patterns

217

(24)

Introduction

217

(1)

A Pattern

217

(3)

Area of Convergence

217

(2)

Area of Origin

219

(1)

Basic Trigonometry of a Right Triangle

220

(4)

Angle of Impact

221

(2)

Measuring Bloodstains

223

(1)

Selection of Stains

224

(1)

Methods of Area of Origin Determination

225

(1)

Documentation

226

(7)

Alternative Methods

233

(8)

Trigonometric Method

233

(1)

Graphic Method

234

(1)

``Using'' Surfaces

234

(7)

Directional Analysis of Bloodstain Patterns with a Computer

241

(22)

Introduction

241

(1)

Some Basic Theory

241

(1)

Locating the Blood Sources

242

(1)

An Example of Virtual Paths Compared to Actual Flight Paths

243

(1)

The Two Impact Angles (α and γ) Depend on the Shape of the Bloodstain

244

(2)

Using Ellipses to Analyze Bloodstains

246

(2)

More about Ellipses

248

(1)

Laboratory Study of a Double Blow with the BackTrack Software

249

(4)

Summary

253

(1)

A Case Study by Detective Craig C. Moore of the Niagara Regional Police Service, Ontario, Canada

254

(3)

Two Case Studies by Sgt. Mike Illes of the Ontario Provincial Police, Peterborough Detachment

257

(4)

Case #1 Multiple impacts in a limited space

257

(2)

Case #2 Expirated bloodstaining

259

(2)

Credits

261

(2)

Documentation and Examination of Bloodstain Evidence

263

(34)

Introduction

263

(1)

Methods of Documenting Bloodstain Patterns

264

(11)

Notes

264

(1)

Sketches and Diagrams

265

(2)

Photographs

267

(7)

Basic Photographic Equipment List

274

(1)

Video

274

(1)

Documentation of the Crime Scene

275

(1)

Indoor Crime Scenes

275

(6)

Outdoor Crime Scenes

281

(1)

Documentation and Examination of Motor Vehicles

282

(1)

Documentation and Examination of Bloodstains in the Laboratory

282

(1)

Examination of Bloodstained Clothing

283

(11)

Collection and Preservation of Bloodstain Evidence

294

(3)

Evaluation of Bloodstain Patterns at the Scene

297

(52)

Introduction

297

(1)

Processing Scenes

297

(3)

General Processing for Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

300

(4)

Processing for Data

304

(15)

Doors and Locks

305

(1)

Refrigerator

306

(1)

Knife Blocks

307

(2)

Medicines/Medicine Cabinets

309

(1)

Sinks and Faucets

310

(1)

Trash Cans

311

(3)

Temperature

314

(1)

Lighting

315

(1)

Transient Evidence

316

(1)

Sequencing

316

(3)

Vehicles as Crime Scenes

319

(10)

Negative Checklist for Vehicles

323

(1)

Collisions

323

(1)

Seatbelts

323

(1)

Airbags

323

(4)

Effects of Motion and Impact

327

(2)

Processing the Body for Bloodstain Patterns

329

(14)

Documentation of Bodies at the Scene

329

(1)

Use of Scales

330

(1)

Body Removal

330

(3)

Alterations in Transport

333

(1)

Mouth and Nose of the Decedent

334

(1)

Feet or Shoes of the Decedent

334

(2)

Nonambulatory Movement

336

(1)

Posture at Time of Injury

336

(3)

Claims of Self-Defense

339

(1)

Time Lapse

339

(1)

Sequencing Injuries

339

(2)

Victim Viability

341

(1)

Manner of Death

342

(1)

Sample Collection

343

(6)

Suspect Clothing

343

(1)

Separating Contributors

344

(1)

Linking an Accused

344

(5)

Presumptive Testing and Species Determination of Blood and Bloodstains

349

(20)

Introduction

349

(1)

The Analysis of Blood in Forensic Serology

350

(1)

Presumptive Tests for Blood

351

(10)

Catalytic Color Tests

351

(1)

Benzidine (Adler Test)

352

(1)

Phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer Test)

353

(1)

o-Tolidine

353

(1)

Leucomalachite Green

354

(1)

Tetramethylbenzidine

355

(1)

Comparing the Tests

356

(1)

Tests Using Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence

357

(1)

Luminol

358

(2)

Fluorescein

360

(1)

Other Methods

361

(1)

Confirmatory Tests for Blood

361

(3)

Teichmann Test

362

(1)

Takayama Test

363

(1)

Species Origin Determination for Blood

364

(1)

Serum Protein Analysis

364

(1)

General Methods

364

(1)

Ring Precipitin Test

365

(1)

Ouchterlony Double Diffusion Test

365

(2)

Crossed-Over Electrophoresis

366

(1)

Nonserum Protein Analysis

367

(2)

Antihuman Hemoglobin

367

(1)

Other Techniques

368

(1)

The Detection of Blood Using Luminol

369

(22)

Introduction

369

(1)

Discovery

369

(2)

The Luminol Reaction

371

(3)

Preparation of Luminol

374

(2)

Interpretation of Luminescence

376

(1)

Use of Additional Presumptive Tests

377

(1)

Interpretation of Patterns

377

(1)

Effect of Substrates

378

(1)

Collection of Samples

378

(1)

Effects of Luminol on the Subsequent Analysis of Bloodstains

379

(1)

Luminol Photography

380

(3)

Report Writing

383

(1)

Testimony

384

(1)

Case Studies

384

(7)

Case 1

384

(2)

Case 2

386

(1)

Case 3

387

(4)

Chemical Enhancement of Latent Bloodstain Impressions

391

(30)

Introduction

391

(1)

Preliminary Procedures

392

(1)

Fixing Blood Impressions

392

(2)

Fixative with 2% Aqueous Solution of 5-Sulphosalicylic Acid

393

(1)

Preparation of the Fixing Solution 2% Aqueous 5-Sulphosalicylic Acid

393

(1)

Fixing Impressions with Methanol

394

(1)

General Methods for Application of the Fixing Solutions

394

(1)

Method 1

394

(1)

Method 2

394

(1)

Method 3

395

(1)

General Methods for the Application of the Chemical Dye Reagents

395

(1)

Method 1

395

(1)

Method 2

395

(1)

Method 3

395

(1)

Rinsing Procedure

395

(1)

Preparation of the Rinse Solution for Water-Based Chemical Dyes

395

(1)

Application of the Rinse Solution for Methanol-Based Chemical Dyes

396

(1)

Preparation of the First and Second Rinse Solutions for Methanol-Based Chemical Dyes

396

(1)

Rinse Solution 1

396

(1)

Rinse Solution 2

396

(1)

General Methods for the Application of the Rinse Solutions

396

(2)

Method 1

396

(1)

Method 2

397

(1)

Method 3

397

(1)

Caveats

397

(1)

Amido Black Water-Based

398

(4)

Advantages

398

(1)

Disadvantages

398

(2)

Preparation of Amido Black Water-Based Without Fixative

400

(1)

Preparation of Amido Black Water-Based with Fixative

400

(1)

Method of Use

401

(1)

Caveats

402

(1)

Amido Black Methanol-Based

402

(1)

Advantages

402

(1)

Disadvantages

402

(1)

Preparation of Methanol-Based Amido Black

403

(1)

Method of Use

403

(1)

Amido Black Water-Ethanol Based

403

(2)

Preparation of Amido Black Water-Ethanol Based

403

(1)

Preparation of the Rinse Solution for Amido Black Water-Ethanol Based

404

(1)

Method of Use

404

(1)

Caveats

404

(1)

Hungarian Red Water-Based

405

(3)

Advantages

406

(1)

Disadvantages

406

(1)

Method of Use

406

(1)

Caveats

406

(2)

Aqueous Leucocrystal Violet

408

(4)

Advantages

408

(1)

Disadvantages

409

(1)

Preparation of ALCV

409

(1)

Method of Use

409

(1)

Caveats

409

(3)

Coomassie Brilliant Blue

412

(1)

Advantages

412

(1)

Disadvantages

412

(1)

Preparation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue Methanol Based

412

(1)

Coomassie Brilliant Blue Water-Methanol Based

413

(1)

Preparation of Coomassie Brilliant Blue Water-Methanol Based

413

(1)

Preparation of the Rinse Solution for Water-Methanol Based Coomassie Brilliant Blue

414

(1)

Method of Use

414

(1)

Caveats

414

(1)

Crowle's Double Stain

414

(2)

Advantages

415

(1)

Disadvantage

415

(1)

Preparation of Crowle's Double Stain

415

(1)

Method of Use

415

(1)

Caveats

416

(1)

Titanium Dioxide Suspension

416

(3)

Advantages

417

(1)

Disadvantages

417

(1)

Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Suspension

417

(1)

Method of Use

417

(2)

Caveats

419

(1)

General Notes of Precaution

419

(2)

Approaching the Bloodstain Pattern Case

421

(12)

Introduction

421

(1)

Sequence for Approaching Bloodstain Cases

422

(3)

Obtain a Brief Background of the Case

422

(1)

Examination of the Crime Scene

423

(1)

Initial Review of Crime Scene and Evidence Photographs

424

(1)

Examination of Autopsy or Hospital Photographs

424

(1)

Examination of Autopsy Protocol or Hospital Records

425

(1)

Examination of Crime Scene Sketches/Diagram(s)

425

(3)

Examination of Crime Scene and Evidence Photographs

426

(1)

Examination of Physical Evidence

427

(1)

Sequencing Evidence Examinations

428

(4)

Serology Reports

429

(1)

Crime Scene Investigator's Notes and Reports

429

(1)

Responding Officer's Notes

430

(1)

Emergency Medical Technicians' Notes or Depositions

430

(1)

Additional Forensic Reports

430

(1)

Synthesizing the Data

431

(1)

Data Synthesis for Bloodstain Pattern (A)

431

(1)

Formulation and Testing of Hypotheses

431

(1)

Data Synthesis for Bloodstain Pattern (A)

431

(1)

Hypothesis for Bloodstain Pattern (A)

431

(1)

Testing of Hypothesis of Bloodstain Pattern (A)

431

(1)

Formulation of a Scenario

432

(1)

Factors to Consider When Analyzing a Bloodstain Pattern Case

432

(1)

Report Writing

433

(10)

Introduction

433

(1)

Scene-Specific Reports

434

(1)

Evidence-Specific Laboratory Reports

434

(1)

Final Report

434

(1)

Report Content

434

(3)

Report Phrases

435

(1)

Introduction of the Report

436

(1)

Sample Introduction

436

(1)

Body of the Report

437

(3)

Crime Scene

438

(1)

Physical Evidence

438

(1)

Special Issues

438

(2)

Conclusion(s) of the Report

440

(1)

The Finished Report

441

(2)

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence

443

(36)

Introduction

443

(1)

Legal Issues

443

(6)

Admissibility

443

(6)

Weight of the Evidence

449

(1)

Qualifications of Experts

450

(9)

Burden of Proof

454

(1)

Chain of Custody

454

(1)

Discovery

455

(4)

Direct and Cross-Examination of the Expert

459

(7)

Attorney's Goals and Methods of Direct Examination

459

(1)

Demonstrative Evidence

460

(2)

Attorneys' Goals and Methods of Cross-Examination

462

(2)

Advice to the Expert --- Guidelines for Deposition and Trial Testimony

464

(2)

Ethical Issues

466

(4)

Expert's Ethics

466

(1)

Attorneys' Ethics in Dealing with Experts

467

(3)

Expert Witness Malpractice

470

(8)

Conclusion

478

(1)

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Postconviction and Appellate Application

479

(18)

Introduction

479

(1)

A Bit of History

479

(4)

The Postconviction Attorney's Role---The Daunting Task

483

(1)

The Appeal

483

(1)

Admissibility

484

(1)

Expert Qualifications

484

(2)

The Collateral Attack

486

(1)

Perjurious Expert Testimony---Newly Discovered Evidence

487

(1)

Prosecutorial Misconduct---Denial of Due Process

487

(2)

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

489

(7)

Conclusion

496

(1)

References

497

(8)

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

497

(2)

Medical and Medical--Legal Aspects of Bloodshed

499

(1)

Presumptive Testing and Species Determination of Blood and Bloodstains

499

(3)

General References

499

(1)

Specific References

500

(2)

Luminol

502

(2)

Chemical Enhancement of Latent Blood Impressions

504

(1)

Appendix A: Trigonometric Tables---Sine and Tangent Functions

505

(2)

Appendix B: Metric Measurements and Equivalents

507

(4)

Appendix C: Scene and Laboratory Checklists

511

(6)

Appendix D: Biohazard Safety Precautions

517

(6)

Universal Precautions Policy

517

(1)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

518

(1)

Hepatitis

518

(1)

Basic Rules for Biohazard Safety

519

(1)

Minimizing Biohazard Contamination at the Crime Scene

519

(2)

Guidelines for the Selection of the Proper Personal Protective Equipment

520

(1)

Precautions for Evidence Collection

520

(1)

Disposables

520

(1)

Personal Protective Equipment Removal

521

(1)

Selection of Personal Protective Equipment

521

(1)

References

522

(1)

Appendix E: Court Decisions Relating to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

523

(4)

Appendix F: Court Decisions Relating to Presumptive Blood Tests

527

(4)

Presumptive Testing Cases

527

(1)

Luminol Cases

527

(1)

Benzidine Cases

528

(1)

Orthotolidine/Ortho-Tolidine/o-Tolidine Cases

529

(1)

Leucomalachite/Leuco-Malachite Green Cases

529

(1)

Hemastix® Case

529

(1)

Phenolphthalein Cases

530

(1)

Glossary of Terminology

531

(2)

Index

533

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