Principles of European Law Volume 1: Benevolent Intervention in Another's Affairs

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ISBN: 9780199296019 | 0199296014
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/27/2006

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The research conducted by the Study Group on a European Civil Code seeks to advance the process of Europeanisation of private law by drafting a set of common European principles which are especially relevant for the functioning of the common market. The aim is the creation of a European Civil Code, or a Common Frame of Reference, to furnish each of the national jurisdictions a framework of rules of private international law.

Foreword

Our Sponsors

xiii

Preface to this volume

Text of Articles

English

(3)

Benevolent Intervention in Another's Affairs

Danish

(3)

Godgørende indgriben i en andens anliggender

Dutch

(3)

Zaakwaarneming

Estonian

(3)

Käsundita Asjaajamine

Finnish

(3)

Asiainhuolto

French

(3)

Gestion d'affaires d'autrui

German

(3)

Besorgung fremder Angelegenheiten

Greek

(3)

Διomicronιkappaηση αλλomicronτριων

Hungarian

(3)

Megbizás nélküli ügyvitel

Italian

(3)

Gestione d'Affari Altrui

Latvian

(3)

Neuzdota lietvediba

Lithuanian

(3)

Kito Asmens ReikalU Tvarkymas to Asmens Interesais

Portuguese

(3)

Gestão de Assuntos Alheios

Slovenian

(3)

Poslovodstvo Tujih Zadev

Spanish

(3)

Gestión De Asuntos Ajenos

Swedish

(5)

Tjänster Utan Uppdrag

Principles of European Law on Benevolent Intervention in Another's Affairs

Introduction

A. General

1. Legal obligations complementary to contract law and tort law

(1)

2. Traditional Latin nomenclature

(1)

3. An English term for negotiorum gestio

(1)

4. Problems of traditional terminology in the other languages of the EU

(1)

5. The concept of benevolent intervention in another's affairs

(1)

6. The spread of the concept of negotiorum gestio in the continental jurisdictions of the EU

(1)

7. Scotland and Scandinavia

(1)

8. England and Ireland

(1)

9. Negotiorum gestio and the doctrine of quasi-contracts

(1)

10. Quasi-contracts and the Common Law

(1)

B. The Sources of Law on Benevolent Intervention in Another's Affairs (negotiorum gestio) in the Codified Systems of the EU

11. The sources in overview

(1)

12. The location of negotiorum gestio within the overall private law system

(1)

13. The essential content of the rules

(1)

14. Fixing the scope of application (definition)

(1)

19. Provisions on the persons brought together in the legal relationship

(1)

16. Indirect clarifications

(1)

17. Clarification of the intervener's duties

(1)

18. Duty of care

(1)

19. Duty to continue the intervention

(1)

20. Informing the principal

(1)

21. Giving an account and surrender of proceeds

(1)

22. Clarification of the intervener's rights

(1)

23. Reimbursement of expenditure

(1)

24. Further claims which are expressly governed

(1)

25. Intervener's power of representation

(1)

C. Provisions in the Codifications concerning (i) Benevolent, but Officious Intervention and (ii) Management of Another's Affairs for One's Own Benefit

26. Restriction of the law on negotiorum gestio to justified management of another's affairs

(1)

27. Inclusion of unjustified management of another's affairs

(1)

28. Arrogated management of another's affairs

(1)

29. Management of another's affair in the mistaken belief it is one's own

(1)

D. 'Applied' Negotiorum Gestio

30. General

(1)

31. Manifestations

(1)

32. Family and inheritance law

(1)

33. Property law

(1)

34. Right of recourse

(1)

35. Contract law

(1)

36. Further examples

(1)

37. Convention d'assistance

(1)

38. Emergency medical treatment

(1)

E. The Range of Activities within the Scope of the Law on negotiorum gestio

39. General

(1)

40. Juridical acts and mere conduct

(1)

41. Conduct for the protection of a person

(1)

42. Acts contrary to law or bonos mores

(1)

43. Long-term measures and omissions

(1)

F. The Position of the Law of Benevolent Intervention within the Legal System

44. The subsidiarity of the law of benevolent intervention: general

(1)

45. The relationship to contract law

(1)

46. The relationship to tort law

(1)

47. The relationship to the law of unjustified enrichment

(1)

G. The Practical Relevance of the Law of Benevolent Intervention in the Codified Systems of Continental Europe

48. Different starting points

(1)

49. Empirical material

(1)

50. Social relevance

(1)

H. Scotland

51. Negotiorum gestio a recognised institution

(1)

52. Agency of necessity

(1)

I. Scandinavia

53. General

(1)

54. Specific basis and reasoning by analogy

(1)

55. Commercial Code Ch. 18 § 10 and Scandinavian consumer protection statutes

(1)

56. Further examples of rules which may serve as a basis for analogy

(2)

57. Power of representation between spouses

(1)

J. England and Ireland

58. The lack of a discrete concept of a legal relationship arising from benevolent intervention in another's affair

(1)

59. Exceptions from the general rule that expenses incurred for the interest of another are not compensable if there is no underlying duty to perform

(1)

60. Statute law

(1)

61. Trust law

(1)

62. The instruments of Common Law

(1)

63. Gratuitous agents

(1)

64. The duties of an agent

(1)

65. Agency by agreement and agency by ratification

(1)

66. Agency of necessity

(1)

67. Necessity

(1)

68. Restriction of the scope of application to specific categories of cases

(1)

69. Matters of carriage

(1)

70. Excess of authority

(1)

71. Bailment

(1)

72. The legal position of the bailee

(1)

73. Unjustified enrichment

(1)

74. Quantum meruit

(1)

75. Relation to the law of negotiorum gestio

(1)

76. Money paid to the defendant's use

(1)

K. International law and European law

77. Admiralty law

(1)

78. Salvage

(1)

79. General average

(1)

80. European Community law

(1)

L The Basic Tenor of the Following Principles

81. A unitary approach

(1)

82. Necessary amendments of contract and unjustified enrichment law

(1)

83. Incentive to act out of neighbourly solidarity

(1)

84. European Community law

(1)

85. No resuscitation of the law of quasi-contracts

(1)

86. Exclusion of public law

(1)

87. Public insurance schemes

(1)

88. Right of recourse and reduction of claim

(1)

89. Limitation to justified interventions in another's affairs

(1)

90. The priority of contract law

(1)

91. Relationship to unjustified enrichment law and tort law

(1)

92. Contribution between joint debtors; property law

(1)

93. Agency rules of PECL and intervener's authority under Article 3:106

(1)

94. The requisite balance between the interests of the gestor and the protection of the principal from officious intermeddling

(1)

95. The structure of these Principles

(1)

96. Acts within the purview of negotiorum gestio

(1)

97. Required subjective elements

(1)

98. Required objective elements

(1)

99. The affair 'of another'

(1)

100. Duties of the intervener

(1)

101. Rights of the intervener

(1)

102. Articles 3:104 and 3:105

(1)

103. Authority of the intervener

(1)

104. Burden of proof

(1)

105. Applied negotiorum gestio

(2)

Chapter 1: Scope of Application

Article 1:101: Intervention to Benefit Another

Comments

A. General

1. Terminology

101

(1)

2. Requirements of negotiorum gestio

101

(1)

3. Protection of the principal against officious intermeddling in his affairs

102

(1)

4. Special forms of the law of negotiorum gestio are not within this regime

102

(1)

5. Negotiorum gestio as a defence within the framework of the law of tort

103

(1)

6. Burden of proof

103

(1)

7. Proof

103

(1)

B. The Activities Covered

8. 'Acting' for another

104

(1)

9. Acts to protect another's person are included

104

(1)

10. One-off activities and long-term undertakings

104

(1)

11. Omissions

104

(1)

12. Actions contrary to law or public policy

105

(1)

13. Emergency situations

105

(1)

14. Disallowed interventions

105

(1)

15. Acts of a personal nature excluded

106

(1)

16. Conducting litigation as a benevolent intervener

106

(1)

C. The Intention Predominantly to Benefit Another (Para (1))

17. Meaning of 'benefiting'

107

(1)

18. The success of the venture is not essential

107

(1)

19. Benefiting another, not intending to pursue one's own interests

107

(1)

20. No possibility of approval for acts undertaken for own benefit

108

(1)

21. 'Predominant' intention of benefiting another

108

(2)

22. Acting in pursuance of a void contract

110

(1)

23. Similar cases

110

(1)

24. Collateral advancement of a subordinate personal interest can affect the quantum of the intervener's claim

110

(1)

25. Intervener and principal: general observations

111

(1)

26. Multiple interveners

111

(1)

27. PECL Part III, Chapter 10

112

(1)

28. Identifying the principal

112

(1)

29. The determinability of the principal at the moment of intervention

112

(1)

30. Where the principal is unknown to the intervener

113

(1)

31. Mistake about the person benefited

113

(1)

32. Indirect beneficiaries are not principals within the sense of Article 1:101

114

(1)

33. Multiple principals

115

(1)

D. A Reasonable Ground (Para (1)(a))

34. General

115

(1)

35. Defective and deficient performance of the intervention

115

(1)

36. No requirement of pre-existing legal relationship

116

(1)

37. A 'reasonable' ground

116

(1)

38. Some guidance in the following rules

117

(1)

E. Want of Respect for the Principal's Wishes (Para (2))

39. Reasonable ground to act absent

117

(1)

40. Where the wishes of the principal are not binding

117

(1)

41. Overriding public interest

118

(1)

42. Priority of the principal's free determination of their will

118

(1)

43. Para (2) limb (a)

118

(1)

44. The intervener is unable to contact the principal

119

(1)

45. Positive steps required

119

(1)

46. Reasonable opportunity to discover the principal's wishes

119

(1)

47. Contacting the principal can in itself amount to a justified negotiorum gestio

120

(1)

48. Negotiorum gestio or contract?

120

(1)

49. Para (2) limb (h)

120

(1)

50. Actual knowledge of the contrary wishes of the principal

121

(1)

51. Negligent failure to appreciate the principal's wishes

121

(1)

52. Standard of care

121

(1)

53 Acting in ignorance of the principal's wishes, but without negligent failure to heed them

122

(1)

F. Approval by the Principal (Para (1)(b))

54. Significance and consequences of an approval by the principal

122

(1)

55. Legal nature of the approval

122

(1)

56. An important case

123

(1)

57. Approval without such undue delay as would adversely affect the intervener

123

(1)

58. Approval and contract

123

(1)

59. Approval does not, as a rule, create a contract

123

(1)

60. All other requirements of para (1) remain unaffected

124

(1)

Notes

I. Prevalence and Notion of the Law of Negotiorum Gestio in General

124

(4)

II. The Activities Covered

128

(6)

III. Act on 'Another's Behalf' and the Intention to Benefit Another

134

(5)

IV. The Preponderance of the Intention to Benefit Another; Simultaneous Pursuit of One's Own Interests

139

(5)

V. In Particular: Performance on the Basis of a Void Contract for Services

144

(3)

VI. The Principal

147

(5)

VII. The Concept of Reasonable Ground an its Equivalents

152

(6)

VIII. In Particular: the Duty to Ascertain the Principal's Wishes

158

(5)

IX. Ratification by the Principal

163

(7)

X. Burden of Proof

170

(3)

Article 1:102: Intervention to Perform Another's Duty

Comments

A. General

1. Scope and purpose

173

(1)

2. Duties during intervention

173

(1)

3. Need for a rule within the framework of negotiorum gestio

173

(1)

B. Intervention Urgently Required in Overriding Public Interest

4. Overriding public interest

174

(1)

5. Performing another's maintenance obligations

174

(1)

6. Performance must be due

174

(1)

7. Performance must be urgently required

175

(1)

C. Third Party to be Regarded as Principal

8. An exception to Article 1:101(1)

176

(1)

D. Article 1:101(2) Inapplicable

9. Public interest overriding the contrary wishes of the principal

176

(1)

Notes

I. General Requirements of a Lawful Management of Another's Affairs Contrary to the Principal's Wishes

177

(4)

II. Specific Cases Subject to Particular Rules (Maintenance, Funeral Costs)

181

(5)

Article 1:103: Exclusions

Comments

A. The Negative Requirements for the Applicability of the Law of negotiorum gestio

1. Fundamentals

186

(1)

2. Priority of special statutory regimes

186

(1)

B. Authority and Duty (limb (a))

3. The principle

187

(1)

4. Precise identification of the duty

187

(1)

5. Acting under a contractual obligation towards the principal

187

(1)

6. Existence of a contract

188

(1)

7. Acting in pursuance of a void contract

188

(1)

8. Acting in breach of contract

189

(1)

9. The priority of contract law rules of a quasi-negotiorum gestio nature

189

(1)

10. Acting under another duty towards the principal

189

(1)

11. Moral duties

190

(1)

12. The duty to render assistance under criminal law

190

(1)

C. Acting under another Authority (limb (b))

13. General

190

(1)

14. Examples in private law

191

(1)

15. Authority to act under public law

191

(1)

16. "independently of the principal's consent

192

(1)

D. Performing a Duty Towards a Third Party (limb (c))

17. Significance

192

(1)

18. Scope of application

193

(1)

19. Demarcation

193

(1)

20. Precise analysis of the contractual duty

194

(1)

21. No limitation to contractual duties

194

(1)

Notes

I. The Precedence of Contract Law

195

(4)

II. Contributions Between Joint Debtors

199

(2)

III. Statutory Duties to Provide Help

201

(3)

IV. Other Powers of Intervention

204

(3)

V Acts Done to Discharge an Obligation to a Third Party

207

(4)

Chapter 2: Duties of Intervener

Article 2:101: Duties during Intervention

Comments

A. The Duties of the Intervener in Overview

1. Contents of the second Chapter

211

(1)

2. Duties during intervention

211

(1)

3. Duties after intervention

211

(1)

4. The second Chapter's scope of application

212

(1)

B. The General Duty to Act with Reasonable Care (Para (1) (a))

5. General

212

(1)

6. Standard of care of professionals

212

(1)

7. Emergency measures

212

(1)

C. Compliance with the Principal's Wishes (limb (b))

8. Specification of the general duty of care

213

(1)

9. Special information available to the intervener

213

(1)

10. The exception in Article 1:102

213

(1)

D. The Duty to Inform (limb (c))

11. A continual duty

214

(1)

12. "during the intervention"

214

(1)

13. An indicator of the intention to act for another

214

(1)

14. Providing the information itself amounts to a negotiorum gestio

214

(1)

15. Content of the information required

215

(1)

16. Consent and contract

215

(1)

E. The Duty not to Discontinue an Act after Commencement without Good Reason (Para (2))

17. General

215

(1)

18. Good reasons to discontinue the intervention

215

(1)

19. Achievement of the desired object

216

(1)

20. The principal can reasonably be expected to take over

216

(1)

21. Actual or presumed contrary wishes of the principal

216

(1)

22. Unreasonableness

216

(1)

23. Uselessness

217

(1)

24. Termination of the benevolent intervention without good reason

217

(1)

Notes

I. The General Duty to Take Reasonable Care

218

(2)

II. The Duty to Orientate the Exercise of Care According to the Principal's Wishes

220

(3)

III. The Duty to Inform

223

(2)

IV. The Duty to Continue the Intervention

225

(4)

Article 2:102: Duties after Intervention

Comments

A. General

1. Three duties after intervention

229

(1)

2. "After intervening"

229

(1)

3. "Without undue delay"

230

(1)

4. Duties and rights

230

(1)

B. The Duties to Report and to Account

5. The duty to report

230

(1)

6. The duty to account

230

(1)

C. The Duty to Deliver Up

7. The most important economic duty of the intervener

231

(1)

8. Content and extent of the duty to surrender

231

(1)

9. Interest

232

(1)

D. Protection of Interveners without Full Legal Capacity

10. Para (2)

232

(1)

11. Lack of full legal capacity

233

(1)

Notes

I. Duty to Inform and to Render an Account

233

(2)

II. The Duty to Surrender

235

(2)

III. In Particular: The Duty to Pay Interest on Monies Received

237

(9)

IV. Intervener without Full Legal Caracit7

246

Article 2:103: Reparation for Damage Caused by Breach of Duty-

Comments

A Liability to make Reparation for Breach of Duty

1. The duty to make reparation under the law of benevolent intervention in another's affairs

242

(1)

2. Reparation

243

(1)

3. Damage

243

(1)

B. General Limits to Liability for Defective Execution of a Benevolent Intervention (Para (1))

4. Causation

243

(1)

5. Three situations

243

(1)

6. Liability for the realisation of a risk created by the gestor

243

(1)

7. Liability for the realisation of a risk increased by the gestor

244

(1)

8. The gestor intentionally perpetuated the risk

244

(1)

9. Intention

245

(1)

C. Liability for Others; Multiple Gestors

10. No general liability for other gestors

245

(1)

11. No joint liability of multiple interveners as a general rule

245

(1)

D. Reduction of Liability (Para (2))

12. General

245

(1)

13. The fairness test

246

(1)

E. Gestors without Full Legal Capacity (Para (3))

14. General liability under the law of tort also required

246

(1)

Notes

I. The Basis of the Claim for Damages

247

(2)

II. Liability for Others; Multiple Gestors

249

(2)

III. Reduction of Liability

251

(3)

IV. Intervener without Full Legal Capacity

254

(3)

Chapter 3: Rights and Authority of Intervener

Article 3:101: Right to Indemnification or Reimbursement

Comments

A. Two Core Elements of negotiorum gestio

1. Chapter 3 in overview

257

(1)

2. Reimbursement and indemnification

257

(1)

B. The Claim for Indemnification

3. Indemnification

258

(1)

4. Mode of indemnification

258

(1)

C. The Claim for Reimbursement

5. Reimbursement

258

(1)

D. General Requirements Applicable to Both Claims

6. The intervention must he reasonable hut need not be successful

258

(1)

7. No restriction to situations of emergency

259

(1)

8. Reasonable expenditure

259

(1)

9. Interest on expenditure

259

(1)

10. Expenditure, whether of money of other assets

260

(1)

11. Services

261

(1)

12. Loss of income

261

(1)

Notes

261

(1)

I. The Right to Indemnification

261

(3)

II. The Claim for Reimbursement

264

(4)

Article 3:102: Right to Remuneration

Comments

A. Remuneration of Professionals (Para (1))

1. Should there be a right to remuneration?

268

(1)

2. Underlying policy considerations of the rule

268

(1)

3. Remuneration only for professionals

269

(1)

4. The main policy consideration

269

(1)

5. "undertaken in the course of the intervener's profession or trade"

269

(1)

6. Non-profit organisations

270

(1)

7. Reasonableness

270

(1)

B. Quantum of Remuneration (Para (2))

8. The usual price

270

(1)

9. "so far as reasonable"

270

(1)

Notes

I. The Foundation of the Claim to Remuneration

271

(4)

II. Quantum of Remuneration

275

(1)

Article 3:103: Right to Reparation

Comments

A. The Claim to Reparation for Concomitant Damage

1. Policy considerations

276

(1)

2. Need for regulation

276

(1)

3. Consideration of the principal's interests

276

(1)

4. Relationship to tort law

277

(1)

B. The Individual Requirements of the Claim

5. A strict liability outside the law of tort

277

(1)

6. Reparable damage

277

(1)

7. Damage suffered by third parties in consequence of the intervener's death

278

(1)

8. General limits of the principal's liability

278

(1)

9. Protection against danger

278

(1)

10. Questions of causation

278

(1)

11. Damage suffered in acting

278

(1)

12. Created or significantly increased risk (limb (a))

279

(1)

13. Reasonable proportion between the danger to the principal and the risk incurred by the gestor (limb (b))

279

(1)

14. "so far as foreseeable"

280

(1)

15. Intervener's contributory fault

280

(1)

Notes

280

(4)

Article 3:104: Reduction or Exclusion of Intervener's Rights

Comments

A. Acting with animus donandi and Related Cases (Para (1))

1. Legal certainty

284

(1)

2. No waiver of rights

285

(1)

3. The other rules of the law of benevolent intervention remain applicable

285

(1)

4. The scope of para (1)

285

(1)

B. Reduction of Liability on Grounds of Equity (Para (2))

5. General

286

(1)

6. Scope

286

(1)

7. Reasons to reduce or exclude the principal's liability

286

(1)

8. Joint danger

286

(1)

9. The principal's economic capacity

286

(1)

10. The intervener can reasonably obtain redress from another

287

(1)

11. Rights against an insurer

287

(1)

12. Burden of proof

288

(1)

Notes

I. Acting with animus donandi

288

(4)

II. Reduction of Liability on Grounds of Equity

292

(2)

Article 3:105: Obligation of Third Party to Indemnify or Reimburse the Principal

Comments

1. Purpose of the rule

294

(1)

2. Rights in negotiorum gestio and in tort law

295

(1)

3. Tortfeasor and gestor

295

(1)

Notes

295

(2)

Article 3:106: Authority of Intervener to Act in the Name of the Principal

Comments

A. Third Party Relations

1. Three different situations

297

(1)

2. Conclusion of a contract in the gestor's own name

297

(1)

3. Engagement of third parties without conclusion of a contract

297

(1)

4. Conclusion of a contract in the principal's name

298

(1)

B. The Intervener's Power of Representation

5. Considerations of legal policy

298

(1)

6. Relation to the PECL rules on representative authority

298

(1)

7. Transactions covered

299

(1)

8. "in so far as this is reasonable to benefit the principal"

299

(1)

C. Unilateral Acts (Para (2))

9. Third party protection

299

(1)

Notes

300

Annexes

Abbreviations

309

(34)

Tables of Codes and Statutes

343

(22)

Table of UK arc Irish Cases

365

(14)

Table of Treaties and Enactments of the European Union

379

(1)

Principles of European Contact Law

380

(1)

Table of Literature Cited in Abbreviated Form

381

(2)

Index

383

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Principles of European Law Volume 1: Benevolent Intervention in Another's Affairs

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Principles of European Law Volume 1: Benevolent Intervention in Another's Affairs

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License