- ISBN: 9780314161468 | 0314161465
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 7/30/2005
Special Note | p. vii |
Highlights | p. xi |
Table of Illustrations | p. xxix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
History, Policy and Structure | |
A Brief History of Income Taxation | p. 9 |
In General | p. 9 |
The American Income Tax | p. 11 |
Theoretical Aspects of Income Taxation | p. 17 |
Progressivity, The Marginal Rate of Tax and the Effective Rates of Tax | p. 17 |
Alternatives to the Income Tax | p. 18 |
Value Added Tax | p. 18 |
Net Worth or Wealth Taxes | p. 19 |
Head Tax | p. 19 |
Consumption or Cash Flow Tax | p. 20 |
The "Flat Rate Tax" | p. 21 |
Problems With the Income Tax | p. 22 |
Allocation of Resources: Imputed Income | p. 22 |
Comprehensive Tax Base | p. 26 |
Tax Expenditures | p. 29 |
Complexity | p. 32 |
Recovery of Capital: A Major Theme in the Field | p. 33 |
Methods of Recovering Capital | p. 33 |
Application to Easements: Inaja Land | p. 44 |
Inflation: Kerbaugh-Empire | p. 45 |
Other Theoretical Problems | p. 48 |
Structure of the Internal Revenue Code | p. 49 |
Income in General; Compensation for Services | |
What Constitutes Income in General: Cesarini, Old Colony Trust, Glenshaw Glass and Drescher | p. 51 |
Fringe Benefits | p. 59 |
Miscellaneous Benefits Under [section] 132 | p. 59 |
Meals and Lodging | p. 62 |
Group Term Life Insurance | p. 65 |
Employee Death Benefits | p. 65 |
Accident and Health Benefits | p. 65 |
Bargain Purchases of Stock or Other Property and Stock Options | p. 66 |
Unrestricted Property | p. 66 |
Restricted Property | p. 67 |
General Rule | p. 67 |
Incentive Stock Options | p. 68 |
Section 83 | p. 68 |
Election | p. 72 |
Stock options under [section] 83 | p. 74 |
How Not to Pay Tax on a Billion Dollars: Deferred Compensation Goes Better With Coke | p. 75 |
Other Items of Compensation Income | p. 75 |
Tips | p. 76 |
Strike Payments | p. 77 |
Other Miscellaneous Items of Compensation Income | p. 77 |
Other Items of Income and Exclusions from Income | |
Interest | p. 80 |
In General | p. 80 |
Tax Exempt Interest | p. 81 |
Private Activity Bonds; Qualified Bonds | p. 82 |
Original Issue Discount | p. 83 |
Background | p. 83 |
The 1982 Rules | p. 85 |
Dividends and Other Distributions to Stockholders | p. 86 |
Rents | p. 89 |
In General | p. 89 |
Royalties | p. 89 |
In General | p. 89 |
Advance Royalties: It's Only a Paper Moon | p. 90 |
Proceeds From Life Insurance | p. 92 |
Annuities | p. 96 |
Gifts and Inheritances | p. 101 |
Rationale for Excluding | p. 101 |
Definition of "Gift": Duberstein | p. 101 |
Gifts of Income From Property | p. 108 |
Inheritances | p. 109 |
In General | p. 109 |
Transfers in Trust: Irwin v. Gavit | p. 111 |
Prizes, Scholarships and Fellowship Grants | p. 117 |
Prizes: McDonell | p. 117 |
Scholarships and Fellowship Grants | p. 118 |
Discharge of Indebtedness | p. 121 |
General Rule and Background: Old Colony Trust; Clark; Kirby Lumber; Zarin | p. 121 |
Insolvent or Bankrupt Debtor | p. 131 |
Recovery of Damages to the Person or Business | p. 136 |
In General | p. 136 |
Damages From Personal Injuries | p. 136 |
Damages From Injuries to Business; Raytheon | p. 140 |
Damages to Capital | p. 143 |
Alimony and Similar Payments | p. 143 |
Miscellaneous Items of Income and Exclusions From Income | p. 144 |
In General | p. 144 |
Illegal Income: The Fantastic Saga of Wilcox, Rutkin and James | p. 144 |
Income from Dispositions of Property | |
Overview | p. 148 |
The Requirement of a Realization | p. 152 |
In General: Macomber, Bruun, Cottage Savings | p. 152 |
Marital Property Settlements and Other Satisfactions of Obligations: Davis; Farid-Es-Sultaneh | p. 166 |
Computation of Gain or Loss Realized | p. 171 |
Amount Realized | p. 172 |
Adjusted Basis | p. 173 |
Background | p. 173 |
Cost Basis | p. 174 |
In General | p. 174 |
Mortgages and Other Debts of the Purchaser or Seller: Crane | p. 175 |
Mortgaging Property Held: Woodsam | p. 184 |
The "Footnote 37" Problem: Tufts; Diedrich | p. 191 |
Adjustment of the Purchase Price | p. 197 |
Bargain Purchases of Property by Shareholders or Employees | p. 197 |
Miscellaneous Problems | p. 198 |
Carryover Basis | p. 198 |
Gifts; Taft | p. 198 |
Transfers in Trust | p. 204 |
Substituted Basis | p. 205 |
Fair Market Value Basis: Property Acquired From a Decedent | p. 205 |
Present Rule | p. 205 |
Property Acquired From a Decedent: The Saga of Carryover Basis | p. 206 |
Property Acquired From a Decedent: The Saga of Carryover Basis continued | p. 207 |
Special Rules for Stock, Securities and Mutual Fund Shares | p. 209 |
Adjustments to Basis: The Basis as History | p. 210 |
Disallowance of Some Losses and Exclusion of Some Gains | p. 210 |
In General | p. 210 |
Losses From Sales of Residence or Other Personal-Use Property | p. 211 |
Losses From Sales of Property in Activities Not Engaged in for Profit | p. 213 |
Disallowance of Losses Versus Nonrecognition of Losses | p. 213 |
Exclusion of Gain From Sale of Residence | p. 213 |
Recognition of Gain or Loss | p. 217 |
In General | p. 217 |
Tax-Free Exchanges of Business or Investment Property of "Like Kind" | p. 220 |
Overview | p. 220 |
Mortgages | p. 229 |
The Requirement That the Property Be of "Like Kind" | p. 230 |
Real Property; Jordan Marsh | p. 230 |
Personal Property | p. 234 |
The Requirement That the Property Be Held for Productive Use in Trade or Business or for Investment | p. 235 |
Three-Cornered Exchanges | p. 235 |
Tax-Free Involuntary Conversions (Condemnations, Casualties) Where Proceeds Reinvested | p. 237 |
General Rules | p. 237 |
Involuntary Conversions of Real Estate | p. 239 |
Other Tax-Free Transactions | p. 242 |
Wash Sales of Stock or Securities | p. 242 |
Losses on Sales and Exchanges Between Related Taxpayers | p. 245 |
In general | p. 245 |
"Related Taxpayers"; Constructive Ownership Rules | p. 246 |
Use of Disallowed Loss by Buyer | p. 249 |
Character of Gain or Loss: Capital Gains | p. 251 |
The Preferential Treatment of Capital Gains | p. 251 |
The Rules for Taxing Capital Gains and Losses | p. 252 |
Background | p. 252 |
The Mechanics | p. 253 |
Capital Gain Rules Under the 1997 Act | p. 254 |
Capital Loss Rules | p. 266 |
Planning Implications | p. 268 |
Holding Appreciated Property Indefinitely | p. 268 |
Holding an Appreciated Capital Asset Longer Than Its Required Holding Period | p. 269 |
Selling Property That Has Declined in Value | p. 269 |
Combined Gains and Losses | p. 270 |
Holding Period Problems; Short Sales | p. 272 |
Tax Straddles | p. 279 |
Definition of Capital Gains and Losses | p. 282 |
Statutory and Judicial Rules | p. 283 |
Inventory, Property Held Primarily for Sale to Customers | p. 284 |
"Corn Products" Assets | p. 289 |
Depreciable and Real Property Used in a Trade or Business | p. 292 |
Section 1231 Treatment | p. 294 |
Copyrights, Literary or Other Artistic Compositions Created by the Taxpayer, Memoranda Held by the Taxpayer and Similar Property | p. 301 |
Patents | p. 303 |
Recapture of Depreciation | p. 306 |
Sale of Depreciable Property to a Related Party | p. 310 |
Accounts Receivable | p. 312 |
Transfers of Franchises, Trademarks and Trade Names | p. 312 |
Cancellation of Lease or Distributor's Agreement | p. 312 |
Retirement of Bonds | p. 313 |
Worthless Securities | p. 313 |
Bad Debts | p. 313 |
General Comments on the Sale or Exchange Requirement | p. 314 |
Planning Implications: Sale of a Going Business | p. 315 |
Policy Aspects of Capital Gains Taxation | p. 319 |
Exotic Wall Street Techniques Employed by the Wealthy to Avoid Capital Gains: of ESOP Sales, Upreits, Equity Swaps, Shorting Against the Box, Swap Funds, DECS and the Like: Congressional Response to Some of These Techniques | p. 322 |
Assignment of Income: Who is Taxed and the Nature of the Tax | |
Background | p. 329 |
Gratuitous Assignments of Income: Birth of a Metaphor | p. 331 |
Assignments of Income for Consideration | p. 336 |
Application of Assignment of Income Doctrine | p. 340 |
Oil, Gas, and Other Minerals | p. 340 |
Leases | p. 341 |
Gratuitous Assignments | p. 341 |
Assignments for Consideration-Cancellation of the Lease by Landlord or Tenant | p. 341 |
Assignments for Consideration-Third Party Transactions | p. 343 |
Trusts | p. 345 |
Creation of the Trust | p. 345 |
Related Topics | p. 345 |
How to Pay for Law School (?): Below Interest Loans | p. 345 |
Unearned Income of Children | p. 350 |
Alimony | p. 350 |
Assignment of Income Without Tears | p. 351 |
Business Deductions | |
Structural Issues in General | p. 354 |
Putting the Tax Code on the Back of an Envelope | p. 354 |
The Deep Structure of the Tax System | p. 357 |
The Statutory Structure of the Tax System | p. 359 |
Deductions Arising Out of Business and Profit Seeking Activity | p. 362 |
Common Business Expenses | p. 362 |
Ordinary and Necessary Business Expenses | p. 362 |
Travel and Transportation Expenses: Flowers; Hantzis; Andrews; Correll | p. 370 |
The Dichotomy Between Deduction and Capital or Personal Expenses | p. 380 |
Necessary Rental and Similar Payments; Starr's Estate; Fitzpatrick | p. 380 |
Education Expenses | p. 384 |
The Law; Hill; Coughlin | p. 384 |
The Economics: What Does It Really Cost to Go to Law School? | p. 388 |
Expenses for the Production of Income, or for the Maintenance of Investment Property: Higgins; Gilmore; Estate of Baier; Surasky; Myer J. Fleischman; Horrmann; Lowry | p. 389 |
Miscellaneous Business and Pleasure Travel Expenses: Rudolph | p. 394 |
Entertainment, Amusement and Recreation Expenses: Sutter; Cohan; Sanitary Farms | p. 396 |
Limits on Deductibility of Business Meals: Sutter Lives | p. 403 |
The Substantiation Requirement for Travel, Entertainment, and Business Gifts | p. 404 |
Moving Expenses | p. 406 |
Activities Not Engaged in for Profit | p. 407 |
Office in the Home; Soliman | p. 412 |
Rental of Vacation or Other Homes | p. 417 |
Depreciation and Accelerated Cost Recovery | p. 422 |
Background | p. 422 |
Rationale for Depreciation | p. 422 |
Inflation Problems | p. 424 |
Basic Methods of Depreciation | p. 426 |
The Myth That Accelerated Depreciation Stimulates Investment in Plant and Equipment | p. 429 |
"Sinking Fund" Depreciation | p. 431 |
The ACRS System; Sharp | p. 434 |
Other Business Deductions | p. 438 |
Depletion | p. 438 |
Intangible Drilling and Development Costs | p. 439 |
Bond Premium | p. 440 |
Purchased Intangibles: Section 197; Newark Morning Ledger | p. 440 |
Miscellaneous Rapid Write-Offs | p. 442 |
Alimony and Similar Payments; The Marriage Tax | p. 443 |
Alimony and Property Settlements | p. 443 |
Property Settlements; Davis | p. 447 |
The Marriage Tax: Once More With Feeling | p. 448 |
Limitations on Deductions | p. 451 |
In General | p. 451 |
The Limit of Reasonable Compensation for Services | p. 452 |
In General | p. 452 |
The Problems of the Double Tax on Corporate Dividends | p. 452 |
The Limit of Personal Expenses | p. 455 |
Miscellaneous Personal Expenses: Smith | p. 455 |
Education Expenses | p. 457 |
The Limit of Capital Expenditures: Welch, Mt. Morris Drive-In; Midland Empire; Morton Frank; INDOPCO | p. 457 |
The Limit of Public Policy | p. 472 |
Background | p. 472 |
Illegal Bribes, Kickbacks and Other Payments | p. 472 |
Fines and Penalties | p. 474 |
Treble Damage Payments Under the Antitrust Laws | p. 474 |
Expenses to Influence Legislation and Elections | p. 475 |
Other Limits | p. 476 |
Expenses and Interest Relating to Tax Exempt Income: Tax Arbitrage | p. 476 |
Sham Transactions or Transactions Lacking Economic Substance: Knetsch | p. 479 |
Itemized Deductions and Personal Exemptions | |
Itemized Deductions | p. 487 |
In General | p. 487 |
Expenses of Tax Advice, Attorneys' Fees, and Litigation | p. 489 |
Tax Advice and Litigation | p. 489 |
Attorneys' Fees Generally | p. 489 |
Interest | p. 490 |
Taxes; Cramer | p. 498 |
Casualties and Other Losses | p. 500 |
Casualties | p. 500 |
Other Losses | p. 506 |
Bad Debts and Worthless Securities: Whipple | p. 508 |
Bad Debts | p. 508 |
Worthless Securities | p. 513 |
Medical Expenses: Ochs | p. 514 |
Charitable Contributions | p. 519 |
In General | p. 519 |
Percentage Limits | p. 524 |
New Rules | p. 526 |
Vehicle donations | p. 526 |
Noncash Charitable Contributions | p. 527 |
Floor on Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions | p. 527 |
The Standard Deduction | p. 529 |
Personal and Dependency Exemptions | p. 530 |
Exemption Amount | p. 530 |
Qualifying Child | p. 531 |
Alternative Minimum Tax | p. 532 |
Tax Planning | |
Introduction | p. 541 |
Tax Shelters | p. 542 |
The Building Blocks of Tax Shelters | p. 542 |
The "At Risk" Limitations | p. 548 |
In General | p. 548 |
The Collapse of the Savings & Loan Industry | p. 553 |
Passive Activity Losses | p. 553 |
In General | p. 553 |
Relationship Between the "At Risk" Rules and the Passive Activity Loss Rules | p. 555 |
Judicial and Administrative Limitations: Franklin | p. 555 |
Corporate Tax Shelters | p. 558 |
Other Tax Avoidance Techniques | p. 565 |
Corporate Inversion | p. 565 |
Corporate Owned Life Insurance | p. 566 |
Foreign Credit Cards | p. 566 |
Tax Shelters Without Tears | p. 567 |
Deferred Payment Sales: Logan | p. 568 |
In General | p. 568 |
The Installment Method of Reporting | p. 574 |
Deferred Compensation: A Survey | p. 576 |
In General | p. 576 |
Non-Qualified Plans | p. 577 |
Current Razzle-Dazzle Executive Compensation Techniques | p. 577 |
Incentive Stock Options | p. 583 |
Qualified Plans | p. 584 |
Festival of IRA's | p. 585 |
Deductible IRA | p. 585 |
Roth IRA | p. 586 |
Nondeductible IRA | p. 586 |
Spousal IRA | p. 586 |
Education IRAs (now referred to as Coverdell Education Savings Accounts) | p. 587 |
Strategies for Investing in IRAs | p. 588 |
Section 529 plans-Qualified Tuition Programs | p. 590 |
A Bird's Eye View of Sophisticated Estate Planning | p. 591 |
Tax Accounting | |
In General | p. 597 |
Transactional Problems | p. 599 |
Annual Accounting: Sanford & Brooks | p. 599 |
Claim of Right: North American Oil; Lewis | p. 602 |
The Tax Benefit Rule | p. 609 |
In General: Alice Phelan Sullivan Corp. | p. 609 |
Equitable Applications: Hillsboro | p. 614 |
Accounting Methods | p. 614 |
Overview | p. 614 |
The Cash Method | p. 615 |
In General | p. 615 |
Constructive Receipt | p. 617 |
Accounts Receivable | p. 620 |
Application: Executive Compensation Arrangements | p. 620 |
Prepaid Expenses | p. 622 |
The Accrual Method | p. 623 |
In General | p. 623 |
Income | p. 624 |
Deductions: General Dynamics | p. 625 |
Current Law: Economic Performance | p. 627 |
Prepaid Income: American Automobile Association; Schlude | p. 628 |
Credits | |
In General | p. 633 |
Child etc. Care Credit: Smith | p. 634 |
Other Credits | p. 637 |
Speculations on an Investment Tax Credit | p. 638 |
Earned Income Credit ("EIC") | p. 639 |
Child Tax Credit | p. 640 |
Hope Scholarship Credit and Lifetime Learning Credit: Recap of Tax Assistance to Education | p. 642 |
Deduction for Qualified Tuition | p. 643 |
Deduction of Interest on Educational Loans | p. 644 |
The HOPE Scholarship Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit | p. 644 |
Ethics | |
General Comments | p. 647 |
Standards for Advising Taxpayers on Return Positions | p. 649 |
ABA Formal Opinion 85-352 | p. 649 |
IRS Circular 230-Best Practices and Other Standards | p. 652 |
Section 6694 | p. 653 |
Tax Shelter Rules | p. 655 |
ABA Opinion 346 | p. 656 |
Circular 230-Tax Shelter Opinions | p. 657 |
I.R.C. [section] 6700-Abusive Tax Shelters | p. 658 |
Conclusion | p. 659 |
Appendix: The Miraculous Effects of the Time Value of Money | p. 661 |
Capital Gains Rules | p. 691 |
Table of Cases | p. 693 |
Table of Internal Revenue Code Sections | p. 703 |
Table of Treasury Regulations | p. 715 |
Table of Revenue Ruling | p. 719 |
Index | p. 723 |
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