Principles of Flight for Pilots
, by Swatton, Peter J.Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780470710739 | 047071073X
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 10/25/2010
The Principles of Flight for Pilots will enable aspiring pilots to pass the EASA examination in this subject. It is organized in such a way that it act as both a study guide for pilots who wish to take commercial ground examinations to obtain an ATPL or CPL license, and a reliable reference book for commercial pilots who have already qualified. Currently, there is no book which explains all of the topics required by the EASA in the depth necessary to pass the examination. The Principles of Flight for Pilots is organized into seven parts, which include basic aerodynamics; level flight aerodynamics; stability; manoeuvre aerodynamics; and other aerodynamic considerations. Each includes of self-assessed questions, totally 848 in all, with full calculations and explanations provided at the end of the book.
Peter Swatton is Director and Chief Ground Instructor at Ground Training Services at Bournemouth/Hurn airport which specialises in training pilots for the JAA examinations. He was a navigator in the Royal Air Force for 37 years, of which 28 were spent as an OCU instructor and Wing examiner: on retirement he became an instructor with the Professional Pilot Study Centre at Bournemouth and remained there for 12 years before assuming his current role.
Preface | |
Acknowledgements | |
List of Abbreviations | |
Weight and Mass | |
The Preliminaries | |
Basic Principles | |
The Atmosphere | |
The Composition of Air | |
The Measurement of Temperature | |
Air Density | |
The International Standard Atmosphere | |
ISA Deviation | |
JSA Deviation | |
Height and Altitude | |
Pressure Altitude | |
Density Altitude | |
The Physical Properties of Air | |
Fluid Pressure | |
Static Pressure | |
Dynamic Pressure | |
Basic Physics | |
Newton's Laws of Motion | |
Definitions | |
First Law | |
Second Law | |
Third Law | |
Constant-Acceleration Formulae | |
The Equation of Impulse | |
The Basic Gas Laws | |
Boyles Law | |
Charles' Law | |
Pressure Law | |
The Ideal Gas Equation | |
The Conservation Laws | |
Bernoulli's Theorem | |
Viscosity | |
The Equation of Continuity | |
Reynolds Number | |
Critical Reynolds Number (Recrit) | |
Units of Measurement | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 1 | |
Basic Aerodynamic Definitions | |
Aerofoil Profile | |
Aerofoil Attitude | |
Wing Shape | |
Wing Loading | |
Weight and Mass | |
The Newton | |
Airspeeds | |
Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) | |
Indicated Airspeed (IAS) | |
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) | |
Rectified Airspeed (RAS) | |
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) | |
True Airspeed (TAS) | |
Mach Number | |
Speed Summary | |
The Effect of Altitude on Airspeeds | |
Below the Tropopause | |
Above the Tropopause | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 2 | |
Basic Aerodynamics | |
Basic Control | |
Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Rotation | |
The Longitudinal or Roll Axis | |
The Lateral or Pitch Axis | |
The Normal or Yaw Axis | |
The Flight Controls | |
The Elevators | |
Pitch Control | |
Control Surface Area | |
Control Surface Angular Deflection | |
The Moment Arm | |
Angle of Attack | |
Alternative Pitch Controls | |
Variable Incidence Tailplane | |
The Stabilator | |
The Elevons | |
The Rudder | |
Yaw Control | |
Control-Surface Area | |
Control-Surface Deflection | |
The Moment Arm | |
Engine-Induced Yaw | |
Asymmetric Engine Yawing Moment | |
Asymmetric Rolling Moment | |
Minimum Control Speeds | |
For Take-off | |
For Landing | |
Vmc | |
Vmcg | |
The Effect of the Variables on Vmcg and Vmc | |
Vmcl | |
Vmcl (1 out) | |
Vmcl-2 | |
The Effect of the Variables on Vmcl | |
The Ailerons | |
Roll Control | |
The Flaperon | |
Wing Twist | |
Geometric Twist | |
Aerodynamic Twist | |
Twisterons | |
High-Speed Twist | |
Low-Speed Ailerons | |
High-Speed Ailerons | |
Roll Spoilers | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 3 | |
Lift Generation | |
Turbulent Flow | |
Streamline Flow | |
The Boundary Layer | |
The Laminar Boundary Layer | |
The Transition Point | |
The Turbulent Boundary Layer | |
Leading-Edge Separation | |
Boundary-Layer Control | |
Blowing | |
Suction | |
Vortex Generators | |
Two-Dimensional Flow | |
The Stagnation Point | |
Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow | |
Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow | |
Lift Production | |
Symmetrical Aerofoils | |
Cambered Aerofoils | |
Negative Angles of Attack | |
Small Positive Angles of Attack | |
Large Positive Angles of Attack | |
The Centre of Pressure (CP) | |
Pitching Moments | |
The Aerodynamic Centre | |
Three-Dimensional Flow | |
Wing-Tip Vortices | |
Wake Turbulence | |
Spanwise Lift Distribution | |
The Effect of Wing Planform | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 4 | |
Level-Flight Aerodynamics | |
Lift Analysis | |
The Four Forces | |
Mass | |
Lift Analysis | |
The Factors Affecting Cl | |
The Effect of Angle of Attack | |
The Effect of the Wing Shape | |
The Effect of Leading-Edge Radius | |
The Effect of Camber | |
The Effect of Aspect Ratio | |
The Wing Planform | |
The Effect of Sweepback | |
The Effect of Airframe-Surface Condition | |
The Effect of Reynolds Number | |
The Relationship between Speeds, Angles of Attack and Cl | |
Aerofoil Profiles | |
High-Lift Aerofoils | |
General-Purpose Aerofoils | |
High-Speed Aerofoils | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 5 | |
Lift Augmentation | |
Wing Loading | |
Clmax Augmentation | |
Slats | |
Automatic Slats | |
Manual Slats | |
Slots | |
Flaps | |
Leading-Edge Flaps | |
The Krueger Flap | |
The Drooped Leading Edge | |
Trailing-Edge Flaps | |
The Plain Trailing-Edge Flap | |
The Split Trailing-Edge Flap | |
The Slotted Trailing-Edge Flap | |
The Fowler Flap | |
The Effect of Trailing-Edge Flaps | |
Leading- and Trailing-Edge Combinations | |
The Effect of Sweepback on Flap | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 6 | |
Drag | |
Parasite (Profile) Drag | |
Surface-Friction Drag | |
Surface Area | |
Coefficient of Viscosity | |
Rate of Change of Airspeed | |
Flow Transition | |
Surface Condition | |
Speed and Size | |
Adverse Pressure Gradient | |
Form (Pressure) Drag | |
Interference Drag | |
Induced Drag | |
The Effect of Speed | |
The Effect of Mass | |
The Effect of Planform | |
The Effect of Sweepback | |
The Effect of Aspect Ratio | |
The Effect of Flap | |
The Effect of the CG Position | |
Effects Summary | |
Ground Effect | |
Wing-Tip Design | |
Wingspan Loading | |
The Coefficient of Induced Drag (CDI) | |
Total Drag | |
Analysis of the Total-Drag Curve | |
The Velocity of Minimum Drag (Vimd) | |
The Velocity of MinimumPower(Vimp) | |
The Maximum EAS/Drag Ratio (Vi/Dmax) Speed | |
Speed Stability and Instability | |
The Effect of the Variables on Total Drag | |
The Effect of Altitude | |
The Effect of Mass | |
The Effect of Flap | |
The Cl v Cd Polar Diagram | |
Analysis of the Lift/Drag Ratio | |
The Effect of Flap | |
The Effect of Aspect Ratio | |
The Effect of Mass | |
Drag Augmentation | |
Airbrakes | |
Spoilers | |
Flight Spoilers | |
Ground Spoilers | |
Roll Spoilers | |
Barn-Door Flaps | |
Drag Parachutes | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 7 | |
Stalling | |
The Stall | |
The Boundary Layer | |
Boundary-Layer Separation | |
Trailing-Edge Separation | |
Leading-Edge Separation | |
The Low-Speed Stall | |
Stalling Angle | |
Factors Affecting the Low-Speed Stalling Angle | |
Slat/Flap Setting | |
Ice Accretion | |
Effect on Take-off and Landing | |
Take-Off | |
Landing | |
Reduced Stalling Angle | |
Abnormal Stalling Characteristics | |
Heavy Rain | |
The Effect of Wing Design on the Low-Speed Stall | |
Swept Wings | |
Elliptical Wings | |
Rectangular Wings | |
Straight Tapered Wings | |
Spanwise-Flow Attenuation Devices | |
The Wing Fence | |
The Sawtooth Leading Edge | |
The Notched Leading Edge | |
Vortex Generators | |
Wing-Tip Stalling | |
The Effect of Flap | |
The Prevention of Wing-Tip Stalling | |
Washout | |
Root Spoiler | |
Changing Camber | |
Slats and Slots | |
Aspect Ratio | |
Stalling Characteristics | |
Ideal Stalling Characteristics | |
Swept-Wing Stalling Characteristics | |
Summary of Factors Affecting the Stalling Angle | |
Stall Warning | |
Aerodynamic Stall Warning | |
Mechanical Stall Warning | |
The Flapper Switch | |
The Angle of Attack Sensor | |
Stick Shakers | |
Stick Pushers | |
Stalling Speed | |
Factors Affecting Stalling Speed | |
Centre of Gravity (CG) | |
Forward CG | |
Disadvantage | |
Advantage | |
Aft CG | |
Disadvantage | |
Advantage | |
Mass | |
Altitude | |
Configuration | |
Ice Accretion | |
Wing Planform | |
Summary of Factor Effects on Stalling Speed | |
The Speed Boundary | |
The Effect of a Gust on the Load Factor | |
Turn Stalling Speed | |
Stalling-Speed Definitions | |
Vclmax | |
Vms | |
Vms0 | |
Vms1 | |
Vs | |
Vs0 | |
Vs1 | |
Vs1g | |
Vsr | |
Vsr0 | |
Vsr1 | |
Other Types of Stall | |
The Deep Stall | |
The Accelerated Stall | |
The Power-On Stall | |
The Shock Stall | |
Stall Recovery | |
The Low-speed Stall | |
The Deep Stall | |
The Accelerated Stall | |
The Power-On Stall | |
The Shock Stall | |
The Spin | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 8 | |
Thrust and Power in Level Flight | |
Thrust | |
Analysis of the Thrust Curves | |
Thrust Available | |
Thrust Required | |
Maximum Speed (EAS) | |
The Effect of the Variables on Thrust | |
Altitude | |
Mass | |
Asymmetric Flight | |
Centre of Gravity | |
Power | |
Analysis of the Power Curves | |
Maximum TAS | |
Vmp and Vmd | |
The Effect of the Variables on Power | |
Altitude | |
Mass | |
Summary | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 9 | |
Advanced Control | |
Wing Torsion and Flexing | |
Wing Flutter | |
Torsional Flexural Flutter | |
Aileron Flutter | |
Torsional Aileron Flutter | |
Flexural Aileron Flutter | |
The Mass Balance | |
Divergence | |
Control Secondary Effects | |
Adverse Yaw | |
Counteraction Devices | |
Rudder/Aileron Coupling | |
Slot/Aileron Coupling | |
Spoiler/Aileron Coupling | |
Differential Aileron Deflection | |
Frise Ailerons | |
Control-Surface Operation | |
Aerodynamic Balance Methods | |
The Hinge Balance | |
The Horn Balance | |
The Internal Balance | |
The Balance Tab | |
The Antibalance Tab | |
The Spring Tab | |
The Servo Tab | |
Primary Control-Surface Trimming | |
Variable Trim Tabs | |
Fixed Trim Tabs | |
Stabilizer Trim Setting | |
Powered Controls | |
Power-Assisted Controls | |
Fully Powered Controls | |
Artificial Feel | |
The Simple System | |
The Servo-Assisted Hydraulic System | |
Fly-by-Wire | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 10 | |
Stability | |
Static Stability | |
Static Stability | |
The Effect of the Variables on Static Stability | |
Directional Static Stability | |
Yaw and Sideslip | |
The Directional Restoring Moment | |
Fin and Rudder Design | |
The Dorsal Fin | |
The Ventral Fin | |
The Moment Arm | |
Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Directional Static Stability | |
Fuselage | |
Wing | |
Dihedral | |
Sweepback | |
Propeller Slipstream | |
Neutral Directional Static Stability | |
Lateral Static Stability | |
Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Lateral Static Stability | |
Increased Lateral Static Stability | |
Decreased Lateral Static Stability | |
Sideslip Angle and Rolling Moment Coefficient | |
Analysis of Design Feature Effects | |
Wing Contribution | |
Dihedral | |
Anhedral | |
Sweepback | |
Wing/Fuselage Interference | |
Shielding Effect | |
Wing Location | |
Fuselage/Fin | |
Fin Size | |
Ventral Fin | |
Handling Considerations | |
Propeller Slipstream | |
Crosswind Landings | |
Flaps | |
Longitudinal Static Stability | |
The Centre of Pressure (CP) | |
The Neutral Point (NP) | |
Types of Static Neutral Point | |
The Stick-Free Static Neutral Point | |
The Stick-Fixed Static Neutral Point | |
The Effect of the CG at the NP | |
The Aerodynamic Centre (AC) | |
The Centre of Gravity (CG) | |
The CG Envelope | |
CG Envelope Limitations | |
CG Movement | |
The Effect of CG at the Limits | |
CG at the Forward Limit | |
CG at the Aft Limit | |
The Static Margin (SM) | |
The Trim Point (TP) | |
Longitudinal Dihedral | |
Aircraft-Design Variations | |
The Effect of the Variables on Longitudinal Static Stability | |
Elevator Deflection | |
Trim | |
The Fuselage | |
Angle of Attack | |
Configuration | |
Trailing-Edge Flaps | |
Undercarriage | |
Stick-Fixed Longitudinal Static Stability | |
Stick-Position Stability | |
Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability | |
Stick Force | |
Certification Standard Stick-Force Requirements | |
Class 'A' Aeroplanes CS 25.173(c) | |
Class 'B' Aeroplanes CS 23.173(c) | |
The Effect of CG Position on Stick Force | |
Longitudinal Static Manoeuvre Stability | |
The Manoeuvre Point | |
Factors Affecting Stick Force | |
Summary | |
The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions | |
Ice Accretion | |
Heavy Rain | |
Altitude | |
The Factors Affecting Static Stability | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 11 | |
Dynamic Stability | |
Longitudinal Dynamic Stability | |
The Phugoid | |
Short-Period Oscillation | |
Factors Affecting Longitudinal Dynamic Stability | |
Lateral Dynamic Stability | |
Sideslip | |
Rolling | |
Spiral | |
Dutch Roll | |
Spiral Instability | |
Dutch Roll | |
Asymmetric Thrust | |
Aerodynamic Damping | |
Summary | |
The Factors Affecting Dynamic Stability | |
General | |
Longitudinal | |
Lateral | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 12 | |
Manoeuvre Aerodynamics | |
Level-Flight Manouevres | |
The Manoeuvre Envelope | |
The Flight Load Factor | |
Manoeuvre-Envelope Limitations | |
The Stalling Speed | |
The 'g' Limitation | |
The Manoeuvre-Envelope Limiting Parameters | |
The Manoeuvre-Envelope Maximum-Speed Limitation | |
Stalling and Design Speed Definitions | |
Limiting Speeds | |
The Gust Envelope | |
The Load Factor | |
The Gust Load Factor | |
Buffet | |
Low-Speed Buffet | |
High-Speed Buffet | |
The Buffet Onset Boundary Chart | |
Turns | |
The Load Factor in a Turn | |
The Turn Radius | |
Rate of Turn | |
Turn and Slip Indications | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 13 | |
Climb and Descent Aerodynamics | |
Climbing Flight | |
The Forces in a Climb | |
The Effect of the Variables on the Climb | |
Altitude | |
Mass | |
Flap Setting | |
Wind Component | |
Climb Gradient | |
Climb-Gradient Calculations | |
Method 1 | |
Method 2 | |
Rate of Climb | |
Rate-of-Climb Calculations | |
Vx and Vy | |
Vx | |
Vy | |
Aircraft Ceiling | |
Vy at the Absolute Ceiling | |
Piston/Propeller Aeroplanes | |
Jet Aeroplanes | |
The Effect of the Variables on Vx and Vy | |
Mass | |
Flap | |
Altitude | |
Temperature | |
Wind Component | |
The Effect of Climbing-Speed Variations | |
Factors Affecting the Climb | |
The Glide Descent | |
The Glide Variables | |
Gliding for Maximum Range | |
The Effect of the Variables on a Glide Descent | |
Speed | |
Wind Component | |
Mass | |
Angle of Attack | |
Flap | |
Gliding for Maximum Endurance | |
Climbing and Descending Turns | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 14 | |
Other Aerodynamic Considerations | |
High-Speed Flight | |
General Introduction | |
High-Speed Definitions | |
High-Speed Calculations | |
The Shockwave | |
Compressibility | |
Shockwave Formation | |
Air-Pressure-Wave Patterns | |
Subsonic | |
Sonic | |
Supersonic | |
The Shockwave Deflection Angle | |
The High-Speed CP | |
Critical Mach Number (Mcrit) | |
The Effect of a Shockwave | |
Wave Drag | |
Drag Divergence Mach Number | |
The Flying Controls | |
The Effect of the Aerofoil Profile | |
Thickness/Chord Ratio | |
Wing Camber | |
Swept Wings | |
The Effect of Sweepback | |
The Advantages of Sweepback | |
Increased Mcrit | |
Aerodynamic Effects | |
The Disadvantages of Sweepback | |
Remedial Design Features | |
Low-Speed Ailerons | |
High-Speed Ailerons | |
Area Rule | |
High-Speed-Flight Characteristics | |
High-Speed Buffet | |
Tuck Under | |
The Shock Stall | |
The Buffet Boundary | |
Coffin Corner | |
Speed Instability | |
The Mach Trimmer | |
Lateral Instability | |
The Supercritical Wing | |
Supersonic Airflow | |
The Convex Corner Mach Wave | |
The Concave-Corner Shockwave | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 15 | |
Propellers | |
Propeller Definitions | |
Basic Principles | |
Factors Affecting Propeller Efficiency | |
Airspeed | |
Fixed-Pitch Propellers | |
Variable-Pitch Propellers | |
Power Absorption | |
Propeller-Blade Shape | |
Blade Length | |
Blade Chord | |
Propeller-Blade Number | |
Solidity | |
The Effects of a Propeller on Aeroplane Performance | |
Torque | |
Slipstream Effect | |
Asymmetric Blade | |
Gyroscopic Effect | |
Propeller Forces and Moments | |
Centrifugal Force (CF) | |
Centrifugal Twisting Moment (CTM) | |
Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM) | |
Propeller-Blade Positions | |
The Constant-Speed Unit (CSU) | |
Propeller Windmilling | |
Propeller Feathering | |
Reverse Pitch | |
The Effect of a Constant Speed Propeller On a Glide Descent | |
Engine Failure | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 16 | |
Operational Considerations | |
Runway-Surface Contamination | |
Surface Contaminants | |
Standing Water | |
Slush | |
Wet Snow | |
Dry Snow | |
Very Dry Snow | |
Compacted Snow | |
Ice | |
Specially Prepared Winter Runway | |
Mixtures | |
Contaminant Drag | |
Water-Equivalent Depth | |
The Effect of Runway Contamination | |
Take-off | |
Aeroplane Contamination | |
The Effect of Heavy Rain | |
The Effect of Propeller Icing | |
The Effect of Airframe Icing | |
The Effect of Airframe-Surface Damage | |
The Effect of Turbulence | |
Windshear | |
The Effect of Windshear | |
Energy Loss | |
Energy Gain | |
Downdraught | |
Take-off | |
Landing | |
Countering Windshear | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 17 | |
Conclusion | |
Summary | |
Aerofoil-Profile Definitions | |
Aerofoil-Attitude Definitions | |
Wing-Shape Definitions | |
High-Speed Definitions | |
Propeller Definitions | |
V Speeds | |
PoF Formulae | |
Drag | |
Wing Loading/Load Factor | |
Stalling Speed Calculations | |
Mass Change | |
Load Factor | |
Turn | |
Design Manoeuvre Speed (Va) | |
Turn Details | |
Radius of Turn | |
Rate of Turn | |
ClimbCalculations | |
Descent Calculations | |
Maximum Glide Range | |
Mach Angle (_) Calculation | |
KEY FACTS | |
Stalling | |
The Maximum Coefficient of Lift (Clmax) | |
The Critical Angle | |
The Stalling Speed | |
Stability | |
Static Stability | |
Dynamic Stability | |
The Stick Force | |
The Gust Load Factor | |
Propellers | |
Propeller Efficiency | |
Fixed Pitch Angle of Attack | |
Propeller Gyroscopic Effect | |
The Effect of the Variables on Performance | |
Airframe Surface | |
Airframe Surface | |
Altitude | |
Aspect Ratio | |
Camber | |
CG Position | |
Flap | |
Sweepback | |
Dihedral | |
Mass | |
Self-Assessment Exercise 18 | |
Solutions | |
Vx and Vy Mathematical Proof | |
Index | |
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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