Principles of Modern Physics

, by Saxena, Ajay K.

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ISBN: 9781842652138 | 1842652133
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/20/2006

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

vii

Acknowledgements

Onset of the `Quantum' Hypothesis

(33)

Introduction

(1)

Maxwell's Equations

(1)

Physical Significance of Maxwell's Equations

(1)

Electromagnetic Wave and its Velocity

(1)

Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

(2)

Electromagnetic Power Flow and Poynting Vector

(1)

Conclusions from the Electromagnetic Theory

(2)

Black Body Radiation

(2)

The Rayleigh-Jeans Formula

(3)

Ultraviolet Catastrophe

(1)

Planck's Hypothesis

(1)

Planck's Radiation Formula

(2)

Wien's Law and Rayleigh Jean's Law as Special Cases of Planck's Law

(1)

Wien's Displacement Law from Planck's Formula

(1)

Stefan's Law from Planck's Formula

(1)

Properties of photons

(1)

Photons and Gravity

(2)

Photoelectric Effect

(3)

Einstein's Photoelectric Equation

(1)

Compton Effect (Scattering of Hard X-rays or γ-rays)

(2)

Role of constants C and H in Physics

(1)

The Electron Volt

(5)

Relativistic Mechanics

(49)

The Space Time Monifold

(1)

Homogeneity of Space and Time

(1)

Motion of Free Bodies

(1)

Frame of Reference

(1)

Galelian Transformations

(1)

Newtonian Relativity

(1)

The Velocity of Light

(1)

Failure of Newtonian Mechanics

(1)

Newtonian relativity and Electromagnetism

(1)

The Concept of Aether

(1)

Michelson-Morley Experiment

(3)

Einstein's Postulates of Special Theory of Relativity

(1)

Lorentz - Transformations

(4)

Velocity Transformation

(1)

Lorentz Fitzgerald Length - Contraction

(2)

Time Dilation

(1)

Proper Time

(1)

Isotropy of Time

(1)

Consequences of the Velocity Exceeding that of Light

(1)

Geometry of Space-Time (The Minkowski representation of the Lorentz transformation)

(3)

Relativity and the Fundamental Concepts of Newtonian Mechanics

(2)

Energy-Momentum Vector

(1)

Momentum Four-Vector and Force Four-Vector

(3)

Relation between Momentum and Energy

(1)

Energy Equation in Relativity

(2)

Equivalence of Energy and Mass

(1)

Relativistic Four Vector and d' Alembertian Operator

(1)

Relativity and Electromagnetic Theory

(2)

Covariant Form of the Maxwell's Electromagnetic Equations

(4)

Relativistic Doppler Effect

(3)

World Regions and the Light Cone

(7)

Atomic Structure and Spectra

(63)

Atomic View of Matter

(1)

Discharge of Electricity through Gases (Cathode Rays)

(2)

Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment for Electron Charge

(2)

The Mass of Electron

(3)

Positive Rays

(1)

Thomson's Parabola Method for Positive Rays Analysis

(3)

Discovery of Isotopes

(1)

Atomic Weight and Atomic Mass

(1)

Atomic Models

(1)

Rutherford's Experiment and Atomic Model

(7)

The Spectra of Hydrogen

103

(1)

Bohr Theory of the Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom

104

(4)

Drawbacks of Bohr's Theory

108

(1)

Correction for the Finite Mass of the Nucleus

108

(2)

Discovery of Heavy Hydrogen

110

(1)

Atomic Excitation

111

(1)

The Franck-Hertz Experiment

112

(2)

Bohr's Correspondence Principle

114

(2)

Wilson-Sommerfeld Rules of Quantisation

116

(2)

Sommerfeld's Elliptical Orbits

118

(6)

Sommerfeld's Relativity Correction

124

(4)

Shortcomings of Old Quantum Theory

128

(1)

Space Quantisation

129

(6)

Wave numbers for alkali spectrum

135

(1)

Spectroscopic Notation (Sodium Spectrum) and Electron Spin

135

(2)

The L-S Coupling

137

(1)

Lande's Vector Model of the Atom

137

(2)

J-J Coupling

139

(1)

Selection Rules

139

(1)

Intensity Rules

140

(1)

Fine Structure of the Hα Line

140

(1)

Fine Structure of Sodium D Line

141

(1)

The Stern-Gerlach Experiment

142

(4)

The Basic Quantum Mechanics

146

(81)

de Broglie's Matter Waves

147

(1)

Absence of Matter Waves in Macroscopic World

148

(1)

Davisson and Germer's Experiment on Diffraction of Electrons

149

(2)

Matter Waves (due to Electrons) in Atoms

151

(1)

Is the Wave Particle Duality Real?

152

(1)

Quantum Properties of Micro Particles

153

(2)

Development of the Quantum Mechanics

155

(1)

Probabilistic Description of Photons (Double Slit Experiment)

156

(1)

Particle/Waves in Classical Physics and Quantum Physics (Physical Basis of the Double Slit Experiment)

157

(3)

The concept of Wave Function and its Physical Significance

160

(1)

The Form of Wave Function for Matter Wave (Wave Packet, Group Velocity and Phase Velocity)

160

(3)

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle (Position - Momentum Uncertainty)

163

(2)

Fourier Integral Theorem

165

(1)

Energy-time Uncertainty

166

(1)

Heisenberg's Microscope - Experiment

167

(1)

Applications of Uncertainty Principle

168

(2)

Operations of Observation

170

(1)

Operators and Observations

171

(1)

Two Physical Postulates

172

(1)

Schrodinger Equation (Time Dependent Form)

173

(2)

Commutation Relations

175

(1)

Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation (Steady State Form)

176

(1)

Equation of Continuity and Probability Current Density

177

(1)

Angular Momentum Operators and its Representation in Spherical Polar Coordinate

178

(4)

Expectation Values

182

(3)

Schwartz's Inequality

185

(1)

Derivation of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle using Commutation Relations

186

(2)

Applications of Schrodinger's Equation

188

(29)

Schrodinger's Relativistic Wave Equation (Klein-Gordon Equation)

217

(2)

Dirac's Relativistic Equation

219

(5)

Negative Energy States

224

(1)

Pair Creation and Pair Annihilation

224

(3)

Hydrogen Atom and Periodic Table

227

(27)

Schrodinger Equation for the Hydrogen Atom

227

(1)

Solution of Schrodinger Equation

228

(9)

Quantum Numbers

237

(1)

Eigen Functions

238

(7)

Pauli Exclusion Principle

245

(1)

Shells and Subshells in Atoms

246

(1)

Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table

247

(1)

Prominent Features of the Periodic Table

248

(2)

s, p, d, f Block Elements

250

(1)

Hund's Rule

251

(2)

Penetrating and Non-penetrating orbits

253

(1)

Statistical Mechanics (An Introduction)

254

(15)

Introduction

254

(1)

Macroscopic and Microscopic States

254

(1)

Phase Space

255

(3)

Maxwell Boltzmann Statistics

258

(5)

Fermi Dirac Statistics

263

(2)

Bose Einstein Statistics

265

(2)

The Photon Gas

267

(2)

X-Rays

269

(21)

Discovery of X-rays

269

(1)

Production of X-rays

269

(2)

Properties of X-rays

271

(1)

Practical Applications of X-rays

271

(1)

Scattering of X-rays (Thomson's Theory)

272

(5)

Determination of the Number of Electrons Per Atom

277

(1)

The Continuous X-ray Spectrum and characteristic X-radiation

278

(4)

X-ray Energy Levels

282

(1)

The Absorption Edge

282

(2)

Filter

284

(1)

The (Characteristic) X-ray Emission Spectra and Moseley's Law

284

(6)

Physics of Solids

290

(156)

Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

290

(1)

Space-Lattice and Primitive Cell

291

(1)

The Seven Crystal Systems

292

(1)

Symmetry Elements in Crystals

292

(5)

Quasicrystals

297

(1)

Some Important Crystal Structures

298

(7)

Miller Indices

305

(1)

Spacing of a Set of Crystal Planes

306

(1)

Reciprocal Lattice

307

(5)

Crystal Structure Determination using Diffraction

312

(10)

Brillouin Zones

322

(4)

Bonding in Solids

326

(23)

Drude's Model and Drude Lorentz Theory

349

(5)

Energy Bands in Solids

354

(12)

Crystal Momentum

366

(1)

The Concept of Effective Mass

367

(1)

The Concept of Holes

368

(2)

Sommerfeld's Electron Theory of Metals

370

(3)

The Density of States Function

373

(11)

Electronic Specific Heat

384

(2)

Pauli Paramagnetism

386

(2)

Hall Effect

388

(5)

Fermi Surfaces

393

(2)

Variations in the Free Electron Fermi-Surface of a Square Lattice According to the Valence of the Metal

395

(2)

Fermi Surface and Brillouin Zones

397

(1)

Divalent Metals

398

(1)

Constant Energy Contours

399

(1)

Phonons

400

(1)

Vibrations of a Linear (One-dimensional) Monatomic Chain

400

(4)

Lattice Vibrations of a Linear Diatomic Chain

404

(5)

Specific Heat of Solids

409

(9)

Semiconductors

418

(11)

P-N Junction

429

(8)

Diffusion and Drift Currents in Semiconductors (and Einstein's Relation)

437

(1)

Solar Cell

438

(5)

Hall Effect in Semiconductors

443

(3)

Imperfections in Crystals

446

(19)

What is an Imperfection?

446

(1)

Importance of Lattice Defects (Imperfections)

446

(1)

Types of Imperfections

447

(1)

Point Defects

447

(7)

Polarons

454

(1)

Excitons

455

(3)

Dislocations

458

(4)

Plane or Surface Defects

462

(3)

Magnetic Properties of Materials

465

(40)

Magnetic Materials

465

(1)

Origin of Permanent Magnetic Dipoles in Matter

466

(1)

Concept of Magnetic Susceptibility

467

(1)

Magnetic Quantities

468

(1)

Classification of Magnetic Materials

469

(1)

Langevin's Theory of Diamagnetism

470

(3)

Quantum Theory of Diamagnetism

473

(3)

Langevin's Theory of Paramagnetism

476

(3)

Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism

479

(4)

Ferromagnetism

483

(4)

Heisenberg's Exchange Interactions in Ferromagnets

487

(2)

Ferromagnetic Domains and Hysterisis

489

(1)

Closure Domains

490

(2)

Bloch Wall

492

(1)

Antiferromagnetism

492

(5)

Ferrimagnetism

497

(4)

Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials

501

(4)

Superconductivity

505

(41)

Introduction

505

(1)

Superconducting Systems

506

(2)

High Temperature Superconductors

508

(1)

Isotope Effect

509

(1)

Critical Magnetic Field

510

(1)

Meissner Effect

510

(1)

Superconductors Compared with a Perfect Conductor

510

(2)

Specific Heat

512

(1)

Energy Gap

513

(1)

Thermodynamics of a Superconductor

514

(3)

London Theory

517

(1)

Pippard's Equation and Coherence Length

518

(2)

Classification of Superconductors

520

(2)

The Mixed State

522

(1)

Theory of Superconductivity (Qualitative Ideas)

523

(4)

Flux Quantisation

527

(1)

Josephson Junction and Josephson Effect

528

(1)

Some Practical Josephson Junctions

528

(2)

DC Josephson Effect (Josephson Junction's Working Principle)

530

(2)

AC Josephson Effect

532

(2)

SQUIDs

534

(1)

DC SQUID (A Superconducting Loop with Two Josephson Junctions)

535

(3)

Method of Preparation for High TC Superconductors

538

(1)

Properties of High Temperature Superconductors

539

(1)

Applications of Superconductivity

540

(1)

Superconducting Magnets

541

(1)

Applications of High TC Oxide Superconductors

541

(1)

Challenges and Possibilities for Applications of using High TC Materials

542

(1)

Structure of High TC Cuprate Superconductor Materials

542

(4)

Interaction of Atoms with External Fields and Radiation

546

(26)

Normal Zeeman Effect

546

(2)

Anomalous Zeeman Effect

548

(2)

Paschen Back Effect

550

(3)

Stark Effect

553

(2)

Scattering of Light

555

(5)

Laser

560

(3)

Principle of Laser

563

(1)

Methods of Achieving Population Inversion

564

(1)

The Laser Cavity

565

(1)

Ruby Laser

566

(1)

Helium -- Neon Laser

567

(1)

Semiconductor Laser

568

(2)

Applications of Lasers

570

(2)

Nuclear Physics

572

(48)

Structure of Nuclei and Nuclear Constituents

572

(1)

Discovery of Neutron

573

(2)

Proton-Neutron Theory

575

(1)

Types of Nuclei

575

(1)

Nuclear Size

576

(1)

Dependence of the Nuclear Radii on the Mass Number

577

(1)

Nuclear Radii and Quadrupole Moment

577

(2)

Atomic Mass Unit, Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy

579

(1)

Liquid Drop Model of the Nucleus

580

(1)

Weizsacker Semi-empirical Mass Formula

581

(4)

Nuclear Stability

585

(1)

Packing Fraction

586

(2)

Separation Energy of the Last Nucleon

588

(1)

Equation of Mass Parabolas for Isobaric Nuclei

588

(3)

Examples of Mass Parabolas for Isobaric Nuclei

591

(1)

The Nucleus---A Classical or a Quantum System?

592

(1)

Quantum Properties of Nuclei

593

(4)

Mirror Nuclei

597

(1)

Coulomb Energies of Mirror Nuclei

598

(1)

Nuclear Force

599

(7)

Two Nucleon Problem

606

(3)

Shell Model of the Nucleus

609

(4)

Collective Model of the Nucleus

613

(7)

Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions

620

(34)

Natural Radioactivity

620

(2)

Properties of Radioactive Radiations

622

(1)

Nuclear-Decay

623

(1)

Laws of Radioactive Decay

624

(4)

Radioactive Equilibrium

628

(4)

Radioactive Dating (Carbon Dating)

632

(1)

Radioactive Series

633

(2)

Beta Ray Spectra and Neutrino Hypothesis

635

(1)

Nuclear Reactions

636

(1)

Compound Nucleus Hypothesis

637

(1)

Kinetic Energy of the Projectile Required for Nuclear Reaction

637

(1)

Conservation Laws in Nuclear Reactions

637

(1)

Q Value of a Nuclear Reaction

638

(1)

The Q Equation

639

(1)

Solution of the Q Equation

640

(5)

Artificial Nuclear Transmutation

645

(3)

Cross-Section of Nuclear Reactions

648

(2)

Concept of Scattering Cross Section

650

(4)

Nuclear Fission and Fusion

654

(33)

Discovery of Nuclear Fission

654

(1)

Energy Released in Fission

655

(1)

Chain Reaction

656

(1)

Fission Products in Nuclear Fission

657

(1)

Theory of Nuclear Fission on the Basis of Liquid Drop Model

658

(2)

Energy in Spontaneous Fission

660

(2)

Critical Assembly

662

(1)

Nuclear Reactor

662

(1)

Parts of a Nuclear Reactor

663

(1)

Natural Uranium Reactors

664

(1)

Breeder Reactor

665

(1)

Power Reactors

666

(1)

Neutron Cycle in a Thermal Nuclear Reactor (The Four Factor Formula)

666

(3)

Delayed Neutrons

669

(1)

Atom Bomb

669

(1)

Nuclear Fusion

670

(1)

Salient Features of the Fusion Process

671

(2)

Nuclear Reaction Rate

673

(2)

Lawson Criterion

675

(1)

Conditions for Thermonuclear Reaction

675

(1)

Heating of Plasma

676

(1)

Confinement of Plasma

676

(11)

Accelerators and Detectors of Elementary Particles

687

(37)

Types of Particle Detectors

687

(1)

Gas Filled Ionization

688

(12)

Track Detectors

700

(6)

Need for Acceleration of Charged Particles

706

(1)

The Basic Mechanism of Acceleration

707

(1)

Types of Particle Accelerators

708

(16)

The Universe

724

(37)

Introduction

724

(1)

Galaxy

725

(1)

Our Galaxy (The Milky Way)

726

(1)

Star Clusters

727

(1)

The Composition of Stars and Galaxies

727

(1)

Classification of Stars According to their Spectra

727

(1)

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

728

(1)

Structure of the Sun

729

(2)

Temperature of the Sun

731

(1)

Surface Phenomena on the Sun (Sun Spots and Solar Activity)

731

(1)

The Earth-Moon System

732

(1)

Composition of Earth's Internal Shells and Earth's Magnetic Field

733

(4)

Van Allen's Radiation Belts

737

(1)

Aurorae

738

(1)

Earth's Magnetosphere

738

(1)

Stellar Energy (Carbon Cycle)

739

(2)

Proton-Proton Cycle

741

(1)

Stellar Evolution

742

(3)

White Dwarfs and Black Dwarfs

745

(1)

Chandrasekhar Limit

745

(6)

Neutron Stars

751

(1)

Radio Sources

751

(1)

Quasars

752

(1)

Pulsars

753

(1)

Black Holes

753

(1)

The Expanding Universe

754

(1)

The Origin of the Universe (Big Bang Theory)

755

(3)

Hoyle -- Narlikar's Theory of Gravity (Basic Idea)

758

(1)

Curvature of Space-time Manifold

759

(1)

The Solar Neutrino Puzzle

760

(1)

Elementary Particles

761

(92)

Discovery of Elementary Particles

761

(1)

Classification of Elementary Particles

762

(4)

Strange Particles

766

(2)

Quantum Numbers of Elementary Particles

768

(8)

The τ-θ Puzzle

776

(2)

Particles, Antiparticles and Antimatter

778

(3)

Unitary Symmetry

781

(1)

Unitary Transformation Induced by a Rotation

781

(2)

The Isospin Invariance, the SU (2) Group and Unitary Symmetry

783

(1)

Weight Diagrams

784

(1)

SU (3) Groups

785

(2)

SU (3) Multiplets

787

(2)

Building up of the Supermultiplets from the Three `Quarks'

789

(1)

The ``Eightfold Way'' and the Quark Model

790

(6)

Gluons

796

(1)

Standard Model of Particle Physics

797

(2)

Symmetries and Conservation Laws

799

(6)

Violation of C Invariance

805

(1)

C-P Violation in Neutral K-Meson Decays

805

(1)

The C-P-T Theorem

806

(1)

Resonance Particles

807

(1)

Fundamental Interactions in Nature

808

(1)

Nature of Fundamental Interactions

809

(4)

Unification of Fundamental Forces

813

(2)

Discovery of Ω-- Hyperon

815

(1)

Quark Content of Mesons and Baryons

816

(1)

Planck's Units: (The Units of Fundamental Importance in Physics)

817

(4)

Appendices

Prefixes and Greek Symbols

821

(4)

Physical Constants with their Values in SI Units

825

(2)

Units of Measurement

827

(5)

Spin Magnetic Moment and Pauli Spin Matrices

832

(2)

Dirac Delta Function

834

(1)

Major Facts about the Earth and Earth's Atmosphere

835

(2)

An Overview of Group-representations and Weight Vectors Perceived in Chapter 18

837

(3)

The Solar System

840

(2)

An Electron Microscope

842

(2)

The Quantum Particles (Bosons and Fermions)

844

(2)

Dirac Notations in Quantum Mechanics

846

(2)

Some Conversion Factors

848

(1)

Physical Dimensions of Some Typical Objects

849

(1)

Some Mathematical Relations

850

(3)

References

853

(2)

Exercise

855

(16)

Index

871

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Principles of Modern Physics

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