The Principles Of Writing In Psychology

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ISBN: 9781403942364 | 1403942366
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/2/2005

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This book offers advice and guidance on the writing of papers in psychology-in particular, essays, literature reviews, and research reports-that are applicable at all levels of writing in psychology. It provides a comprehensive and in-depth discussion of the principles involved. The book is organized into parts to allow for ease of finding advice and guidance relevant to the task in hand. Students will find this book helpful throughout their academic careers and beyond.

Acknowledgements

xxi

A Note to Students

xxii

Introduction

xxiii

PART 1 ACADEMIC PAPERS

1 Thinking and Writing

(10)

Information and ideas

(1)

Knowledge

(1)

Critical thinking

(1)

Approach to critical thinking

(1)

Spurious criticisms

(1)

Validity

(1)

An example of critical thinking

(1)

Basis of assertion

(2)

Citing a source

(1)

Secondary sources

(1)

Language

(1)

Research findings

(1)

Reasoning

(1)

Unintentional bias

(1)

Personal views

(1)

Familiarity

(1)

Levels of critical thinking

(1)

Selecting material

(1)

A reasoned and balanced argument

(1)

2 Scientific Writing

(9)

Accuracy

(2)

Detail

(1)

Ideas

(1)

Vocabulary

(1)

Technical words and terms

(1)

Precision

(1)

Objectivity

(1)

Values

(1)

First person personal pronouns

(5)

I and my

(1)

We and our

(1)

One

(1)

You

(1)

Gender

(2)

3 Style

(12)

Scholarly style

(1)

New words and new usages

(1)

Flaws in usage

(2)

Misused words

(1)

Misused expressions

(1)

Clichés

(1)

Jargon

(1)

Anthropomorphism (attributing action)

(1)

Abbreviations

(1)

Symbols

(1)

Ampersand

(1)

Formality

(1)

Writing vs. speech

(1)

Textbooks

(1)

Expression

(1)

Individual preferences

(2)

Rhetorical questions

(1)

Variety

(1)

Alternative words

(1)

Polish

(1)

Conventions

(1)

English usage

(1)

Tense

(1)

Voice

(1)

Editorial style

(1)

Psychology style

(1)

Local requirements

(1)

4 Academic Standards

(11)

Plagiarism

(3)

Copying

(1)

Paraphrasing

(1)

Ideas

(1)

Another student's work

(1)

Defending plagiarism

(1)

Detecting plagiarism

(1)

Avoiding plagiarism

(1)

Unnecessary worry

(1)

Public domain

(1)

Logical reasoning

(1)

Academic dishonesty

(5)

Joint work

(1)

Getting help

(1)

Having another write a paper

(1)

Falsifying data

(1)

Citing sources

(4)

PART 2 SOURCES

5 Evaluating Sources

(15)

Print sources

(1)

Abstracts and secondary sources

(1)

Quality control

(2)

Academic journals

(1)

Academic books

(1)

Non-academic material

(1)

Categories of academic books

(1)

Specialized books

(1)

General textbooks

(1)

Conference proceedings

(1)

Approach to evaluation

(7)

Face evaluation

(3)

Specific evaluation

(4)

Electronic sources

(1)

Permanence

(1)

Material available via the Internet

(2)

Availability

(1)

On-line journals

(1)

Other on-line sources

(1)

Educational material

(1)

Abstracts

(1)

Quality control

(1)

Evaluating material available via the Internet

(3)

Face evaluation

(1)

Specific evaluation

(1)

6 Citing Sources

(19)

Availability

(1)

Sources

(1)

Author-date system

(5)

Edited book

(1)

Republished book

(1)

Reprint

(1)

Edition

(1)

Republished article

(1)

Publications in the same year

(1)

Multiple authors

(1)

Possessive case

(1)

Page numbers

(1)

Secondary sources

(1)

Multiple secondary sources

(1)

Purpose

(3)

Quotations

(1)

Acknowledgement

(1)

Support

(1)

Multiple references

(1)

Basis of assertion by others

(3)

Reasoning

(1)

Research findings

(1)

How much detail?

(1)

Discussion or description

(1)

Using secondary sources

(2)

Problems

(1)

Referring to theories

(1)

Placing a reference

(1)

Style matters

(3)

The ampersand

(1)

Punctuation

(1)

Order of sources

(1)

Repetition

(2)

7 Quotations

(6)

Caution

(1)

Avoiding quotations

(1)

Why quote

(1)

Source

(2)

Print source

(1)

Electronic source

(1)

Format

(1)

Exact copy

(1)

Errors

(1)

Insertions

(1)

Omissions

(1)

References within a quotation

(1)

Quotation marks

(1)

Very short quotations

(1)

Secondary quotations

(1)

8 The Reference List

(8)

Print sources

(2)

Detail

(2)

City of publication

(1)

Multiple cities

(1)

No city

(1)

Electronic sources

(2)

Format

(1)

Minimum requirements

(1)

Electronic versions of journals

(1)

On-line only journals

(1)

Presentation

(1)

Abbreviations

(3)

PART 3 WRITING

9 Writing a Paper

(11)

Time and effort

(1)

Thinking

(1)

Thesis

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Preparation and planning

(1)

Paragraphs

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Convincing the reader

(1)

Your ideas

(2)

Information

(1)

Making the point

(1)

Clear and concise communication

(3)

Clarity

(1)

Concise writing

(1)

A conflict

100

(1)

Footnotes

101

(1)

Level of writing

101

(1)

Scholarly writing

102

(1)

Editorial style

102

(1)

Example papers

102

(1)

Word processing

103

(1)

10 Drafts and Editing

104

(9)

Editing for content

104

(3)

First draft

105

(1)

Second draft

106

(1)

Third draft

107

(1)

Editing for grammar, punctuation, and spelling

107

(2)

Grammar and punctuation

107

(1)

Spelling

108

(1)

Word choice

108

(1)

Editorial style

109

(1)

Figures, tables, and appendices

109

(1)

Reference list

109

(1)

Presentation

109

(1)

Final check

109

(1)

Checklist

110

(3)

PART 4 ESSAYS AND LITERATURE REVIEWS

11 An Overview of Essays and Literature Reviews

113

(3)

An essay

113

(1)

A literature review

113

(1)

Similarities

114

(1)

Published vs. students' papers

114

(2)

Published papers

114

(1)

Students' papers

115

(1)

12 Preparation for and Planning of a Paper

116

(12)

The task

116

(1)

Word limit

116

(1)

The topic

117

(2)

Preliminary reading

117

(1)

Addressing the topic

118

(1)

Limiting the topic

118

(1)

Changing the topic

118

(1)

Applying theory

119

(1)

Perspective

119

(1)

Objectivity

119

(1)

Suggested sources

120

(1)

Finding relevant sources

120

(1)

Obtaining sources

121

(1)

Number of sources

121

(1)

Reading

122

(1)

Noting

123

(1)

Avoiding plagiarism

123

(1)

Detail

123

(1)

Publication details

124

(1)

Organizing notes

124

(1)

Thinking

124

(1)

Planning

125

(2)

Information and ideas

125

(1)

Relevance

126

(1)

Specific planning

126

(1)

A storyboard

127

(1)

Art vs. science

127

(1)

Outline plan

127

(1)

13 Writing an Essay or Literature Review

128

(9)

Headings

128

(1)

The title

128

(1)

Introduction

129

(3)

Limitation

130

(1)

Issues, ideas, and concepts

130

(1)

Approach

130

(1)

Thesis or conclusion

131

(1)

Assertions

132

(1)

Relevance

132

(1)

Body

132

(1)

Conclusion

133

(4)

PART 5 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

14 An Overview of a Research Report

137

(7)

The scientific method and a research report

137

(1)

Format

137

(2)

Parts of a research report

139

(2)

Abstract

140

(1)

Introduction

140

(1)

Method

140

(1)

Results

140

(1)

Discussion

141

(1)

References

141

(1)

Appendices

141

(1)

Introduction and Discussion

141

(1)

Two literature reviews

141

(1)

One literature review

141

(1)

Qualification

142

(1)

Published vs. students' research reports

142

(2)

Published reports

142

(1)

Students' reports

143

(1)

15 Preparation and Planning of a Research Report

144

(9)

The task

144

(1)

Students' research reports

144

(1)

Replication

145

(1)

Theoretical hypothesis

145

(1)

Operational definitions

146

(1)

Research or experimental hypothesis

147

(1)

Research design

147

(1)

Variables

147

(1)

Statistical analyses

148

(1)

Planning

148

(3)

Introduction and Discussion

149

(1)

Method

150

(1)

Results

150

(1)

Multiple hypotheses

151

(1)

A storyboard

152

(1)

Length of parts

152

(1)

16 Writing a Research Report

153

(22)

Information and ideas

153

(1)

Format

154

(1)

Title

154

(1)

Abstract

155

(1)

Introduction

155

(1)

Research problem

155

(1)

Theoretical hypothesis

156

(2)

Research question

156

(1)

Research design

157

(1)

Research or experimental hypothesis

157

(1)

Multiple hypotheses

158

(1)

Method

158

(7)

Participants

159

(2)

Respondents

161

(1)

Subjects

161

(1)

Apparatus

162

(1)

Materials

162

(1)

Procedure

163

(2)

Results

165

(3)

Purpose

166

(1)

Introducing analyses

166

(1)

Commenting on results

167

(1)

Statistical packages

167

(1)

Discussion

168

(4)

Outcome of testing hypotheses

168

(1)

Statistics

169

(1)

Theoretical context

169

(1)

Alternative explanations

170

(1)

Negative results

170

(1)

Acknowledging weaknesses

170

(1)

New material

171

(1)

Contribution to knowledge

171

(1)

Conclusion

172

(1)

Value judgements

172

(1)

Appendices

172

(1)

Tense

173

(1)

First person personal pronouns

174

(1)

Editing drafts

174

(1)

17 Reporting Statistics

175

(11)

Basic requirements

175

(1)

Statistical assumptions

175

(1)

Descriptive statistics

176

(1)

Direction and magnitude

176

(1)

Effect size

176

(1)

Non-parametric statistics

177

(1)

Inferential statistics

177

(5)

Probability

178

(1)

Reporting probabilities

179

(1)

Correlations

179

(1)

Confidence intervals

180

(1)

Comparisons

181

(1)

Non-parametric statistics

182

(1)

Comments on significance

182

(1)

Negative results

183

(1)

Precision

183

(1)

Leading zero

184

(1)

Recommendations

184

(2)

18 Using Figures and Tables

186

(12)

Reference

186

(1)

Figures and tables in an appendix

187

(1)

When to use

187

(2)

A figure or a table

188

(1)

What is shown

188

(1)

Figures

189

(6)

Line graphs

191

(1)

Bar graphs

192

(1)

Histograms

193

(1)

Scatter graphs

193

(2)

Tables

195

(1)

Reference in text

195

(1)

Acknowledgement

196

(1)

Placement

196

(2)

19 Preparing Figures and Tables

198

(17)

Size

198

(1)

Purpose

198

(1)

Statistical package figures and tables

199

(1)

Designing figures

199

(2)

What is shown

199

(2)

Line graphs

201

(2)

Axes

201

(1)

Scale

202

(1)

Plot points

203

(1)

Variability

203

(1)

Bar graphs

203

(1)

Bars

203

(1)

Variability

204

(1)

Hatching

204

(1)

Histograms

204

(1)

Class interval

204

(1)

Drawing figures

205

(1)

Hand-drawn figures

205

(1)

Computer graphics

205

(1)

Photocopying

206

(1)

Integrated software

206

(1)

Preparing a table

206

(1)

Statistical package tables

207

(1)

Designing a table

207

(4)

What is shown

207

(1)

Title

208

(1)

Lines

208

(1)

Layout

208

(2)

Notes

210

(1)

Abbreviations

210

(1)

Probability levels

210

(1)

Detail

211

(1)

Empty cells

211

(1)

Common tables

211

(4)

Analysis of variance tables

212

(1)

Correlation matrices

212

(3)

PART 6 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

20 Qualitative Research Reports

215

(14)

Qualitative research

215

(1)

Scientific method

216

(1)

Overview of a research report

216

(2)

Preparation of a qualitative research report

218

(1)

Planning a qualitative research report

218

(5)

Introduction and Discussion

219

(1)

Setting

220

(1)

Sample

220

(1)

Method

221

(1)

Findings

221

(1)

Appendices

222

(1)

Length

222

(1)

Ethics

222

(1)

Confidentiality

223

(1)

Writing a qualitative research report

223

(6)

Ideas and concepts

224

(1)

Subjectivity

224

(1)

Value judgements

224

(1)

Style

225

(4)

PART 7 RESOURCE MATERIAL

21 Grammar

229

(12)

A clause

229

(1)

A sentence

229

(5)

Verbs

230

(1)

Participles

231

(1)

Meaning

231

(1)

Length

232

(1)

Single idea

232

(1)

Run-on and fused sentences

232

(1)

Conjunctions

233

(1)

Subject-verb agreement

233

(1)

Comparisons

234

(1)

Comparative

235

(1)

Superlative

235

(1)

Pronouns

235

(1)

That and which

235

(1)

Pronoun agreement

236

(3)

Number

236

(1)

Gender

237

(2)

Who and whom

239

(1)

Which and what

239

(1)

Voice

239

(2)

22 Punctuation

241

(13)

Computer syntax

241

(1)

Checking punctuation

242

(10)

Comma

242

(2)

Semicolon

244

(1)

Colon

245

(1)

Hyphen (or en-dash)

246

(1)

Dash (or em-dash)

247

(1)

Parentheses

248

(1)

Brackets

249

(1)

Apostrophe

249

(3)

Quotation marks

252

(1)

Slash (solidus, virgule, or shill)

252

(1)

Series (lists)

253

(1)

23 Spelling and Capitalization

254

(11)

Alternative spellings

254

(1)

Differences

255

(1)

Word choice

255

(1)

A - an

256

(1)

Compound words

257

(1)

Prefixed words

258

(1)

Plural nouns

258

(2)

An exception

260

(1)

Capital (upper-case) letters

260

(5)

Where capital letters are needed

260

(4)

Where capital letters are not used

264

(1)

24 Abbreviations and Numbers

265

(8)

Abbreviations

265

(3)

Standard abbreviations

265

(1)

Non-standard abbreviations

266

(1)

Plurals of abbreviations

266

(1)

Punctuation in abbreviations

266

(1)

Et al.

267

(1)

Abbreviations in a sentence

267

(1)

Prohibited abbreviations

268

(1)

Colloquial abbreviations

268

(1)

Symbols

268

(1)

Numbers

268

(5)

Plural of numbers as Arabic numerals

270

(1)

Numbers as words

270

(1)

Comparative numbers

271

(1)

Compound words

271

(1)

Plurals of numbers as words

271

(1)

Roman numerals

272

(1)

25 Typing and Presentation

273

(9)

Student papers vs. manuscripts

273

(1)

Format

273

(1)

Headings

273

(1)

Title page

274

(1)

Title

274

(1)

Certificate

274

(1)

Contact address

275

(1)

Word count

275

(1)

Spacing

275

(1)

Alignment

275

(1)

Running head

275

(1)

Body of the paper

275

(1)

Title

275

(1)

Right justification

276

(1)

Paragraphs

276

(1)

Footnotes

276

(1)

Reference list

276

(1)

Appendices

277

(1)

Typing

277

(3)

Pagination

277

(1)

Spacing within text

277

(1)

Typeface

278

(1)

Boldface

279

(1)

Underlining

279

(1)

Italics

279

(1)

Greek letters

279

(1)

Hyphens

279

(1)

Statistics

280

(1)

General points

280

(2)

Proof reading

280

(1)

Paper

280

(1)

Print quality

280

(1)

Copy

280

(1)

Binding

281

(1)

Decorations

281

(1)

26 Marking Papers

282

(5)

Criteria

282

(1)

Grades

283

(1)

The future

284

Appendices

A Recommended presentation and style requirements for student papers

287

(9)

B Citing sources 289 C Examples of presentation of publication details in a reference list

296

(6)

D Common standard abbreviations

302

(2)

E Abbreviations commonly used in statistics

304

(2)

F Typing format for headings and subheadings

306

(1)

G Headings and subheadings for a simple research report

307

(1)

H Headings and subheadings for a multiple experiment research report

308

(1)

I An example of a research report

309

(22)

J An example of a poorly written research report

331

(15)

K Checklist

346

(9)

Bibliography

355

(2)

Index

357

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The Principles Of Writing In Psychology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

The Principles Of Writing In Psychology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License