Problems and Perspectives : Studies in the Modern French Language

, by Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Carruthers, Janice; Temple, R. A. M.

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ISBN: 9780582293458 | 0582293456
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/2000

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Author Biography

Supplemental Materials

Preface

xvi

Publisher's Acknowledgments

xviii

Part I: Preliminaries

(56)

French: standards and variation

(5)

What is `French'?

(1)

Parameters of variation

(4)

Written and spoken French

(1)

Field, domain or discourse type

(1)

Geographical variation

(1)

Age, sex and socio-economic status (SES)

(2)

Introduction to the description of French: definitions and metalanguage

(19)

The Sounds of French

(5)

Syllable structure

(1)

Rhythmic groups

(1)

Consonants

(1)

Vowels

(2)

Semivowels

(1)

Morphology

(3)

Syntax

(6)

Syntax and the verb system

(2)

Word order

(1)

Subordination and coordination

(2)

Textual cohesion

(1)

Lexis

(5)

Derivational processes

(1)

Composition

(1)

Abbreviation

(1)

Semantic change

(1)

Borrowing

(2)

Approaches and Schools

(26)

A multiplicity of approaches ...

(1)

Structuralism

(5)

Phonology

(2)

Morphology

(2)

Syntax

(1)

Generative grammar

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Generative syntax and its place in the grammar

(5)

Generative phonology

(2)

Autosegmental phonology

(1)

Morphology in generative grammar

(3)

Other approaches to the analysis of French

(3)

Typological models of change

(1)

Language in use

(2)

Variationist approaches

(2)

National French approaches

(3)

Guillaume and the Guillaumeans

(1)

L'Approache pronominale

(2)

Choice of topics and approaches

(4)

Part II: Issues

(307)

Word-final consonants

(18)

Introduction

(1)

The Problem in detail

(2)

Orthographically based accounts of liaison

(1)

Theoretical accounts of word-final consonants

(9)

The phonemic perspective

(1)

Generative phonology

(1)

Abstract generative phonology

(3)

Concrete generative phonology

(2)

Non-linear phonologyh

(4)

Liaison and syntax

(1)

Variationist analyses of liaison

(5)

Nasal vowels

(21)

Introduction

(1)

The history of nasal vowels

(2)

Textual evidence

(2)

Phonetic explanations

(1)

Structuralist accounts: the phonemic status of nasal vowles

(2)

Generative and post-generative accounts of the nasal vowels

(10)

Nasal vowels in abstract generative phonology

(1)

Alternating forms

(3)

Non-alternating forms

(1)

Nasal vowels in concrete generative phonology

(1)

Non-alternating forms

(1)

Alternating forms

(2)

A non-linear proposal

(2)

Nasal vowels and liaison

(2)

Nasal vowels in southern French

(4)

Schwa: a maverick vowel

(20)

Introduction: `Qu'est-ce que le ``e muet''?' (Martinet (1974a))

(1)

Terminology

(1)

The phonetic identity of schwa

(1)

The variable phonological behavior of schwa

100

(3)

The data

100

(1)

Descriptive accounts

101

(2)

The phonemic identity of schwa

103

(2)

Schwa ∼ zero alternation: epenthesis versus deletion

105

(4)

Schwa ∼ zero alternation as deletion

105

(1)

Schwa ∼ zero alternation as epenthesis

106

(2)

The special case of word-final schwa

108

(1)

Non-linear accounts of schwa ∼ zero alternation

109

(2)

Changing patterns of schwa ∼ zero alternation

111

(7)

Word-inital schwa: stabilization in progress?

112

(2)

Change in non-initial schwa

114

(4)

Verb morphology: conjugation classes and the definition of regularity

118

(25)

Introduction

118

(1)

Preliminaries: segmentation

118

(5)

Problems of segmentation

119

(1)

Stem and ending versus stem, infix and ending

120

(3)

Classification into verb conjugation classes: desiderata

123

(1)

Traditional classifications

124

(2)

Stem-based models

126

(5)

`Two-class' models

131

(4)

Defining irregularity

135

(3)

Variation and change

138

(5)

Aspect in French

143

(21)

Introduction: tense versus aspect

143

(2)

Aspectual categories and distinctions

145

(1)

Lexical versus grammatical aspect

146

(2)

Approaches to aspect in French

148

(11)

Introduction

148

(1)

Brunot (1922)

148

(3)

Guillaume (1929, 1964)

151

(2)

Imbs (1960)

153

(1)

Reid (1970)

154

(1)

Martin (1971)

155

(2)

Wilmet (1991, 1995, 1997)

157

(1)

General issues

158

(1)

Applications of the notion of aspect

159

(5)

Introduction

159

(1)

Diachronic phenomena

160

(1)

Aspectual concepts

160

(1)

Aspect and discourse-pragmatics

160

(4)

Past tenses: complex and changing relationships

164

(28)

Introduction

164

(4)

The passe simple/passe compose relationship: a complex history

168

(7)

The development of the compound tenses

168

(1)

`Functional multiplicity' in the Old French period

169

(3)

Developments in Middle French, and Early Modern analyses

172

(3)

The passe compose/passe simple in Modern French: changing relationships

175

(6)

Introduction

175

(1)

Two `textual' models

175

(1)

Passe simple/passe compose alternation

176

(2)

The PS as story marker?

178

(1)

The PC: a sematinc hybrid?

179

(2)

The Imperfect

181

(4)

Diachronic perspectives

181

(1)

Developments in Modern French

182

(1)

Analysis of the imperfect

182

(1)

Discourse-pragmatic developments

183

(2)

Past in the past: plus-que-parfait, passe, anterieur and passe surcompose

185

(7)

Diachronic perspectives

185

(1)

Developments in Modern French

186

(1)

The pluperfect

186

(2)

The past anterior

188

(1)

The passe surcompose

188

(4)

Mood and modality: the French subjnctive

192

(29)

Introduction

192

(1)

Explaining the use of the subjunctive

193

(9)

The French subjunctive: several `values' or a unified account?

194

(3)

Formal or mechanical approaches

197

(2)

Other approaches

199

(3)

Problematic cases

202

(4)

Noun clauses

202

(2)

Adjectival clauses

204

(2)

The vitality of the subjunctive

206

(15)

The history of the subjunctive

206

(3)

The vitality of the subjunctive in Modern French

209

(1)

The vitality of the subjunctive and variation

210

(1)

Written and spoken French

210

(1)

SES and register

211

(1)

Geographic variation

212

(1)

The imperfect subjunctive

212

(4)

Alternative markers of modality

216

(5)

Pronominal verbs

221

(27)

Introduction

221

(1)

Pronominal verbs and voice

221

(4)

How many voices for French?

221

(2)

Guillaume

223

(1)

Generative approaches to voice

224

(1)

The classification of pronominal verbs

225

(12)

Fourfold schemes

226

(1)

Dangeau's tradition

226

(1)

Subcategorizing the pronominaux subjectifs

227

(2)

Problems with differentiating the categories

229

(2)

Alternative classifications

231

(1)

Unified explanations

231

(6)

The pronominal passive

237

(11)

Constraints on the usage of the pronominal passive

237

(3)

Limits on the usage of the `true' passive

240

(1)

Syntactic constraints

240

(1)

Lexical constraints

241

(1)

Semantic constraints

241

(1)

Aspectual questions

241

(1)

Reasons for selecting the `true' passive

242

(2)

Other alternatives to the passive

244

(4)

Declarative word order: French as an SVO language

248

(25)

Introduction

248

(1)

Historical analyses

249

(6)

The data

249

(1)

Traditional analyses

250

(1)

Typological approaches

251

(2)

Marchello-Nizia (1995): the role of the object

253

(1)

Examples

254

(1)

Modern French as an SVO language

255

(15)

The data: statistics and corpora

255

(1)

A fixed exception

256

(1)

Detachment

257

(1)

The data

257

(2)

Problematic issues

259

(1)

Discourse function

260

(2)

Stylistic factors

262

(1)

Sociolinguistic factors

262

(1)

Theoretical implications and further questions

262

(2)

Inversion

264

(3)

Cleft constructions

267

(1)

Binary constructions

268

(1)

Other constructions

269

(1)

Conclusions

270

(3)

Relations between clauses: subordination, coordination, parataxis

273

(24)

Introduction

273

(1)

Relations within the sentence: questions of definition

273

(9)

Introduction

273

(2)

Defining subordination

275

(4)

Subordinating and coordinating conjunctoins, and coordinating adverbs

279

(3)

Spoken French: a case study of the relative du francais populaire

282

(5)

Relations within discourse: parataxis, coordination and subordination as degrees of progression in lingustic sophistication?

287

(10)

Language acquisition

287

(2)

Social groups

289

(2)

Medium/discourse type

291

(6)

Negation

297

(26)

Introduction

297

(4)

The nature of the component elements

298

(3)

Scope

301

(4)

Scope and context

301

(1)

Negative raising?

302

(3)

Ne ... que and expletive ne

305

(7)

Ne ... que

305

(4)

Expletive ne

309

(1)

Usage of expletive ne

309

(1)

The value and currency of expletive ne

310

(2)

Ne alone to mark negation

312

(1)

The loss of ne and the marking of negation by pas alone

312

(11)

The historical background

312

(1)

Factors influencing the use of non-use of ne in contemporary French

313

(1)

Syntactic factors

313

(1)

Phonetic factors

314

(1)

Semantic factors

315

(1)

Frequently used expressions

315

(1)

Stylistic factors

316

(1)

Demographic factors: region, SES, and age

316

(2)

Other examples of the rise of pas

318

(5)

Neologisms: internal versus external factors

323

(20)

Introduction

323

(1)

Definitional questions and statistics

324

(3)

What is a borrowing?

324

(1)

Types of borrowing

325

(1)

Statistical considerations

326

(1)

The linguistic integration of borrowings

327

(8)

Phonological integration

327

(1)

The issues

327

(1)

The implications

328

(2)

Morpho-syntactic integration

330

(3)

Semantic integration

333

(2)

`Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms

335

(2)

The status of Latin (and Greek) material

337

(2)

Attitudes towards borrowing

339

(4)

`Internal' processes of word creation in French

343

(21)

Introduction

343

(1)

Definitional issues

343

(8)

Neologisms

344

(1)

Suffixes and prefixes

344

(1)

Prefixes and compounds -- problematic distinctions

344

(1)

Identifying compounds

345

(1)

Recomposes

346

(1)

Compounds versus free combinations

347

(3)

Compounds and phrases

350

(1)

Productivity

351

(3)

Variation

351

(1)

Language change

352

(1)

Linguistic constraints

353

(1)

Neologisms and linguistic theory

354

(4)

The impact of internal lexical creation on French

358

(6)

Semantic complexities

359

(1)

Morphosyntactic complexities: compounds and abbreviations

360

(1)

Phonological complexities

361

(3)

References

364

(27)

Index of Concepts

391

(11)

Index of Names

402

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Problems and Perspectives : Studies in the Modern French Language

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials