Professional Men, Professional Women : The

This book tells the story of the principal European intellectual professions from the demise of the ancien régime to the rise of the European Union. A historical study which applies sociological concepts it creates a European-scale picture of the professions spanning over two centuries of change.Uniting the legal, medical, engineering and accounting professions it provides a comparative historical and sociological exploration of 'Professional Europe'.The book:'¢ comprehensively investigates the roots and origins of the four professions'¢ reconstructs the processes and changes which have characterised them'¢ charts their response to external agents such as the state, diverse social movements, economic crises and wars.Inspired by Bourdieu it rejects theories of professionalization drawing instead upon the sociology of crisis and theories on the decline of the professions to introduce among others, the topic of the intellectual professions' relationship with the fascist and authoritarian regimes.Detailed, well defined and critical in its application Professional Men, Professional Women also examines the role of women within the professions and includes a devoted chapter conducting a twofold comparison between countries and professions.

Maria Malatesta is Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Bologna.

Acknowledgements	p. viii
Introduction: The European Professions between Crisis and Transformation	p. 1
What Professions, What Countries?	p. 1
Comparing and Deconstructing Histories	p. 2
Discontinuity and Asymmetry	p. 3
Transition Costs	p. 5
State	p. 6
Crises	p. 7
The New Transition	p. 8
Legal professions	p. 10
Legal Fields and Elites	p. 10
Judges	p. 13
Notaries	p. 17
The Forensic Kaleidoscope	p. 19
Bar Autonomy and State Regulation	p. 24
Great Britain	p. 24
France	p. 29
Italy	p. 32
Germany	p. 36
Doctors	p. 40
Great Britain	p. 40
The Assault on the Corporations	p. 40
The Birth of the General Practitioner	p. 42
The Canon of Ambiguity	p. 45
The National Health Service	p. 47
Thatcher and the Doctors	p. 50
France	p. 52
Monopoly and Unification of the Profession	p. 52
The Liberal Canon and Socialized Medicine	p. 54
Hospital-centrism	p. 56
The Ordre des Médecins from Vichy to Mitterand	p. 58
The Neo-liberal Doctors	p. 60
Italy	p. 62
The Monopoly of the University	p. 62
Professionalization, Local Authorities and the State	p. 65
From Mutual Benefit Societies to the National Health Service	p. 67
Doctors and Devolution	p. 72
Germany	p. 73
Reform of Academic Studies and the Birth of the Doctor	p. 73
Liberalization	p. 74
Doctors and Health Insurance	p. 76
Nazification	p. 78
The Balance of Medical Power	p. 81
Engineers	p. 83
France	p. 83
Technical Education and Training the State's Elites	p. 83
The Myth of the Polytechniciens	p. 85
Title and Identity	p. 87
Great Britain	p. 89
Experience versus Academy	p. 89
A Faded Myth	p. 93
Germany	p. 95
Profession, Industry and State	p. 95
Engineers and Nazism	p. 97
Two Engineers for the New Germany	p. 99
Italy	p. 100
An Academic Vocation	p. 100
The Construction of an Elite	p. 102
Fascism, Consensus, Employment	p. 103
The Double Engineer	p. 104
Accountants	p. 106
Higher Commercial Education	p. 106
Accountants and Auditors	p. 110
Great Britain	p. 110
France	p. 115
Germany	p. 118
Italy	p. 121
Professional Women	p. 126
Entering a Gentlemen's Club	p. 126
An Identikit of the Women Pioneers	p. 128
The Conquest of Higher Education	p. 130
The Health Professions	p. 134
Women Accountants	p. 139
Women Lawyers	p. 140
Women Professions and Citizenship: An Asymettrical Pattern	p. 142
The Professional Restoration: An Ambiguous Pattern	p. 144
What Feminization?	p. 153
References	p. 164
Index	p. 181
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Professional Men, Professional Women : The European Professions from the 19th Century until Today

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