Programming and Customizing the AVR Microcontroller

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ISBN: 9780071346665 | 007134666X
Cover: Package
Copyright: 10/9/2000

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This reader-friendly guide shows you how to take charge of the newest, most versatile microcontrollers around, Atmel's AVR RISC chip family.Inside,Electronics Worldwriter and astronomy instrumentation developer Dhananjay V. Gadre walks you from first meeting these exciting new computers-on-a-chip all the way through design and ready-to-launch products.

List of Figures

xiii

List of Tables

xxi

Acknowledgments

xxiii

Introduction

(10)

Microcontroller, Microcomputer or Microprocessor?

(1)

Do you need a Microcontroller?

(2)

Why the Atmel's AVR Microcontroller?

(1)

Organization of This Book

(1)

Timing Diagram Conventions

(5)

Microcontrollers

(10)

Microcontroller Architecture

(2)

Choosing a Microcontroller

(2)

Developing Applications with a Microcontroller

(3)

The AVR RISC Microcontroller Architecture

(38)

Introduction

(1)

AVR Family Architecture

(3)

The Register File

(1)

The ALU

(1)

Memory Access and Instruction Execution

(1)

I/O Memory

(16)

SREG: Status Register

(1)

SP: Stack Pointer Register

(1)

GIMSK: General Interrupt Mask Register

(1)

GIFR: General Interrupt Flag Register

(1)

MCUCR: MCU General Control Register

(1)

MCUSR: MCU Status Register

(1)

TCCRO: Time/CounterO Control Register

(1)

TCNTO: Time/CounterO Register

(1)

TCCR1A: Timer/Counter1 Control Register A

(1)

TCCR1B: Timer/Counter1 Control Register B

(1)

TCNT1H, TCNT1L: Timer/Counter1

(1)

OCR1AH, OCR1AL: Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Registers

(1)

OCRIBH, OCR1BL: Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Registers

(1)

ICR1H, ICR1L: Timer/Counter1 Output Capture Registers

(1)

WDTCR: Watchdog Timer Control Register

(1)

EEAR: EEPROM Address Register

(1)

EEDR: EEPROM Data Register

(1)

EECR: EEPROM Control Register

(1)

PORTB: PortB Data Register

(1)

DDRB: PortB Data Direction Register

(1)

PINB: Input Pins on PortB

(1)

PORTD: PortD Data Register

(1)

DDRD: PortD Data Direction Register

(1)

PIND: Input Pins on PortD

(1)

SPI I/O Data Register

(1)

SPI Status Register

(1)

SPI Control Register

(1)

UART I/O Data Register

(1)

UART Status Register

(1)

UART Control Register

(1)

UART Baud Rate Register

(1)

ACSR: Analog Comparator Control and Status Register

(1)

The EEPROM

(2)

The I/O Ports

(1)

The SRAM

(1)

Interface to External SRAM

(1)

The Timer

(2)

The UART

(4)

The Interrupt Structure

(2)

The Internal Watchdog Timer

(1)

Power-Down Modes of Operation

(1)

Different Types of AVR Controllers

(2)

The AVR Instruction Set

(22)

Program and Data Addressing Modes

(4)

(2)

(1)

I/O Direct

(1)

Data Direct

(1)

Data Indirect

(1)

Indirect Program Addressing

(1)

Relative Program Addressing

(1)

Arithmetic and Logic Instructions

(4)

Program Control Instructions

(5)

Data Transfer Instructions

(4)

Bit and Bit-test Instructions

(5)

AVR Hardware Design Issues

(16)

Power Source

(5)

Battery Power

(1)

Main Operating Supply

(1)

Power from Port Signal Lines

(1)

Voltage Regulators

(1)

Operating Clock Sources

(7)

Using a Crystal Clock IC

(1)

Using a Ceramic Resonator

(1)

Using a Quartz Crystal

(2)

Using a Quartz Clock Crystal

(1)

Using Internal RC Clock Oscillator

(3)

Reset Circuit

(4)

Hardware and Software Interfacing with the AVR

(60)

A Beginner's Circuit

(2)

Lights and Switches

(2)

Stack Operation in AVR Processors

101

(3)

Implementing Combinational Logic

104

(1)

Connecting the AVR to the PC Serial Port

105

(5)

Expanding I/O

110

(2)

I/O Expansion Using Shift Register

110

(1)

IIC Expanders

111

(1)

Interfacing Analog to Digital Converters

112

(12)

AD Conversion Using the On-Chip Comparator

113

(4)

MAX186

117

(1)

MAX186 Data Conversion and Readout

118

(3)

MAX110/MAX111

121

(3)

Interfacing Digital-to-Analog Converters

124

(8)

Using PWM for a DAC

124

(1)

R-2R Ladder DAC

124

(2)

MAX521 DAC

126

(1)

Data Transfer to a MAX521

127

(5)

Interfacing LED Displays

132

(3)

Seven-Segment Displays

132

(1)

Dot Matrix Displays

133

(2)

Interfacing LCD Displays

135

(3)

Driving Relays with AVR

138

(2)

Stepper Motor Interface for the AVR

140

(1)

Interfacing to a Serial EEPROM

141

(5)

Interfacing to a Real Time Clock (RTC)

146

(3)

Accessing a Constants Table

149

(1)

Arbitrary Waveform Generation

150

(1)

A Switch-Case Implementation

150

(2)

Implementing a Finite State Machine

152

(2)

Generating Random Numbers

154

(3)

Communication Links for the AVR Processor

157

(28)

Introduction

157

(1)

RS-232 Link

158

(2)

RS-422/423 Link

160

(1)

RS-485 Link

161

(2)

SPI and MICROWIRE Bus

163

(1)

IIC Bus

164

(2)

PC Parallel Port

166

(6)

ISA Bus

172

(2)

Universal Serial Bus

174

(4)

IrDA Data Link

178

(4)

CAN (Controller Area Network) Bus

182

(3)

AVR System Development Tools

185

(14)

Code Assembler

185

(2)

AVR Family Assembler

186

(1)

IAR Assembler

187

(1)

Code Simulator

187

(1)

AVR Simulator

187

(1)

AVR Studio

188

(1)

Evaluation Boards

188

(4)

Atmel AVR MCU00100 Development Board

189

(1)

STK200 Board

189

STK 300 Board

182

(10)

ICE200 AVR Emulator

192

(1)

The Device Programmer

193

(1)

AVR System Design with Components Off the Shelf (COTS)

194

(1)

The SimmStick Magic

194

(1)

Code Development with a High Level Language

195

(4)

C-AVR: A C Compiler for AVR

195

(2)

DDS MICRO-C Developers Kit for the AVR

197

(1)

BasicX: A BASIC Interpreter for the AVR

198

(1)

BASCOM-AVR: A Basic Compiler for the AVR

198

(1)

JAVRBasic: Jack's AVR Basic Compiler

198

(1)

Prototyping Techniques

199

(8)

Why Prototype?

199

(1)

OK, So You Want to Prototype

200

(2)

Tools of the Trade

202

(1)

Steps for Prototyping

203

(4)

AVR Project 1 Smart Dice: A Dice with an Attitude

207

(16)

At A Glance

207

(1)

Introduction

207

(1)

Design Issues: Specifying the Requirement

208

(3)

Design Description

211

(1)

Possible Alternatives

212

(1)

Code Development

213

(4)

Fabrication

217

(1)

Testing

218

(1)

Usage

219

(1)

Power Consumption

219

(1)

Adapting the Circuit to an AT90S2343

220

(3)

AVR Project 2 A Morse Keyer

223

(10)

At a Glance

223

(1)

Introduction

223

(2)

Design Specification

225

(1)

Design Description

225

(3)

Possible Alternatives

228

(1)

Fabrication

228

(1)

Design Code

228

(1)

Testing the System

229

(4)

AVR Project 3 A Simple Dual-Channel Voltmeter

233

(6)

At a Glance

233

(1)

Introduction

233

(1)

Design Description

234

(1)

Usage

234

(1)

Fabrication

235

(1)

Design Code

235

(4)

AVR Project 4 The Ubiquitous Kitchen Timer

239

(6)

At a Glance

239

(1)

Introduction

240

(1)

Design Description

240

(1)

Possible Alternatives

241

(1)

Fabrication

241

(1)

Design Code

242

(1)

Testing

242

(3)

AVR Project 5 Radio Beacon Controller

245

(10)

At a Glance

245

(1)

Introduction

245

(1)

Design Specifications

246

(1)

Design Description

246

(4)

Fabrication

250

(1)

Design Code

250

(2)

Testing

252

(3)

AVR Project 6 AstroDat: A Stand-Alone Data Acquisition System

255

(22)

At A Glance

255

(1)

Introduction

255

(2)

Design Description for the SniffStick

257

(3)

Using the SniffStick

260

(1)

AstroDAT: A Complete DAS for Astronomical Application

261

(1)

AstroDAT User Interface

261

(2)

Design Description

263

(4)

System Development

267

(1)

Fabrication

268

(1)

Design Code

268

(1)

Data Readout

268

(2)

AstroDat User's Guide

270

(7)

AVR Project 7 Security Dongle

277

(14)

At a Glance

277

(1)

Introduction

278

(2)

What Are Security Locks?

278

(1)

Various Hardware Lock Schemes

278

(2)

How to Build an Electronic Lock

280

(4)

Design Description

284

(2)

Possible Alternatives

286

(2)

Fabrication

288

(1)

Design Code

288

(1)

Testing

289

(2)

AVR Project 8 A Pulse Frequency Counter with an RS-232 Interface

291

(10)

At a Glance

291

(1)

Introduction

291

(1)

How Does a Frequency Counter Work?

292

(1)

How Does a Period Counter Work?

293

(2)

Design Description of an AVR-Processor-Based Frequency Counter

295

(3)

Usage

298

(1)

Fabrication

298

(1)

Design Code

298

(1)

Testing

299

(2)

AVR Project 9 Sa-Re-Ga Follow Me: A Musical Toy

301

(8)

At a Glance

301

(1)

Introduction

301

(2)

Design Description

303

(1)

Fabrication

303

(2)

Design Code

305

(4)

AVR Project 10 AVR Protoboard for Nuts

309

(8)

At a Glance

309

(1)

Introduction

309

(1)

Design Description

310

(7)

Ideas for Projects

317

(8)

AT90S2343 Controller Based Code Authenticator

317

(1)

A CCD Camera Controller

318

(1)

Personal Temperature Logger

318

(2)

Configuring the Temperature Logger

320

(1)

Extracting Data

320

(1)

Swipe Card Reader

320

(1)

IBM PC Keyboard Decoder

321

(1)

A Morse Code Tutor

321

(4)

Glossary

325

(6)

Internet Resources for the AVR

331

(2)

Index

333

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Programming and Customizing the AVR Microcontroller

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials