Protecting the Ozone Layer

, by Andersen, Stephen O.; Sarma, K. Madhava; Sinclair, Lani

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ISBN: 9781853839054 | 1853839051
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/2002

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This is an account of how the global agreements on the ozone layer evolved and perhaps provide an example of how the world community can tackle other environmental problems. It describes the story of the Montreal Protocol, now seen as a unique example of international cooperation on environmental issues. The authors were involved in the processes of developing the Vienna Convention of 1985 and the Montreal Protocol of 1987.The chapters of the book are interspersed with personal perspectives from nearly 60 high-level participants from around the world and, in a final chapter, the authors draw on their experience to summarize the lessons of the successful global efforts to protect the stratospheric ozone layer.The UNEP decided this history would be a presentation to the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in September 2002.

List of plates, figures, tables and boxes

xii

About the authors

xvi

Foreword

xix

Kofi A Annan

Preface

xxi

Klaus Topfer

Acknowledgements

xxv

Introduction and reader's guide

xxvii

The science of ozone depletion: From theory to certainty

(41)

Introduction

(1)

Early theories: Scientists identify and name ozone

(4)

Modern scientists hypothesize threats to ozone

(7)

Discovering and measuring the Antarctic ozone `hole'

(6)

International scientific teams link CFCs and ozone depletion

(5)

First assessment, 1989: 1987 Protocol inadequate, total phase-out required

(5)

Second assessment, 1991: Quicker phase-out possible, control HCFCs and methyl bromide

(2)

Expedition finds significant depletion over the northern hemisphere

(1)

Third assessment, 1994: Mount Pinatubo volcano depletes ozone, Arctic ozone depletion confirmed

(3)

Fourth assessment, 1998: Montreal Protocol working, ODSs in the atmosphere peak in 1994

(5)

The ozone layer today

(2)

Diplomacy: The beginning, 1974--1987

(53)

Introduction

(3)

The World Plan of Action, 1977

(3)

Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer (CCOL) and the Ozone Layer Bulletins

(2)

Harmonizing national policies, 1979--1981

(1)

The Governing Council sets up a negotiating group, 1981

(2)

Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts, 1982

(2)

First draft convention and discussions, 1982

(2)

First specific proposal to control CFCs, 1983

(1)

Further negotiations, 1983--1985

(5)

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985

(3)

First comprehensive scientific assessment, 1985

(1)

Economic and environmental workshops, 1986

(5)

Negotiations on the protocol, 1986--1987

(3)

Focusing on the key questions

(3)

The `breakthrough' session, April 1987

(3)

Seventh draft protocol, 1987, and country comments

(3)

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987

(11)

Diplomacy: From strength to strength, 1988--1992

(50)

Introduction

(1)

Preparations for the entry into force of the Convention and the Protocol

(4)

Dissatisfaction of major developing countries

100

(2)

First Meeting of the Parties, Helsinki, 1989: Resolve to phase out by 2000

102

(7)

Preparatory work for the Second Meeting of the Parties

109

(7)

Discussions on the financial mechanism, control measures and technology, 1990

116

(4)

Second Meeting of the Parties, London, 1990: Phase-out by 2000 and US$240 million fund approved

120

(8)

Preparatory work for the third Meeting of the Parties

128

(1)

Third Meeting of the Parties, Nairobi, 1991: Import of products with CFCs banned from non-Parties

129

(3)

Further progress in 1991

132

(2)

Proposals to accelerate the phase-out

134

(1)

Multilateral Fund or Global Environment Facility?

135

(1)

Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992

135

(1)

Opposition to methyl bromide controls

136

(1)

Faster phase-outs welcomed by industrialized countries

137

(1)

Incremental costs

137

(1)

Fourth Meeting of the Parties, Copenhagen, 1992: HCFCs, methyl bromide controlled, Fund confirmed

138

(7)

Diplomacy: Racing towards success, 1993--2001

145

(42)

Introduction

145

(1)

Fifth Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok, 1993: Second replenishment of the Fund by US$455 million

146

(3)

Sixth Meeting of the Parties, Nairobi, 1994: Russian Federation gives notice of non-compliance

149

(4)

Third reports of the assessment panels, 1994

153

(1)

Review of control measures and financial mechanism for developing countries, 1995

154

(2)

Proposals for adjustments before working group meetings, 1995

156

(2)

Seventh Meeting of the Parties, Vienna, 1995: Further strengthening of the control measures

158

(5)

Meetings in 1996: Illegal trade discussed, replenishment of the Fund by US$466 million in San Jose, Costa Rica

163

(4)

Tenth anniversary, Montreal, 1997: Control measures on methyl bromide tightened

167

(4)

Meetings in 1998: 1998 assessment confirms Protocol working, tenth Meeting of the Parties in Cairo discusses link between ozone depletion and climate change, non-compliance

171

(3)

Meetings in 1999: Beijing Amendment, freeze in production of HCFCs and trade restrictions, replenishment of the Fund by US$440 million

174

(5)

Twelfth Meeting of the Parties, Ouagadougou, 2000: Further attempts to tighten controls on HCFCs

179

(2)

Meetings in 2001: Thirteenth Meeting of the Parties in Colombo, non-compliance, new ODS

181

(6)

Technology and business policy

187

(47)

Introduction

187

(1)

Commercial history of ozone-depleting substances

188

(9)

Industry opposition and then support for regulation of ozone-depleting substances

197

(4)

Industry response to the Montreal Protocol: What a difference a treaty makes!

201

(4)

Industry and military motivations for leadership on ozone protection

205

(6)

Phasing out ozone-depleting substances from US military applications

211

(3)

Alternatives: Criteria and evolution after the Montreal Protocol

214

(7)

Technical strategies to reduce and eliminate ozone-depleting substances

221

(4)

Environmental perspective on substitutes and alternatives

225

(3)

Economics of phasing out ozone-depleting substances

228

(6)

Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

234

(40)

Introduction

234

(1)

Structure of the obligations of the Montreal Protocol

235

(1)

The role and activities of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

236

(8)

Multilateral Fund replenishment and contributions

244

(2)

Implementing agencies of the Multilateral Fund

246

(3)

The Global Environment Facility (GEF)

249

(3)

The role of national governments

252

(6)

The role of government agencies as customers and market leaders

258

(5)

The role of industry and industry non-governmental organizations

263

(2)

Regulations force new technologies

265

(3)

Regional and bilateral cooperation

268

(1)

The role of conferences and workshops

268

(1)

The role of environmental NGOs

268

(3)

The role of professional membership organizations

271

(1)

The importance of awareness campaigns

271

(3)

Compliance with the Montreal Protocol

274

(16)

Introduction

274

(1)

Reporting on compliance measures

275

(1)

The role of the Implementation Committee

276

(2)

Results of implementation, 1989--1999

278

(3)

Non-compliance by Parties with economies in transition

281

(3)

Compliance by developing countries operating under Article 5

284

(1)

The response of the Meetings of the Parties to non-compliance

285

(3)

Conclusion

288

(2)

Media coverage of the ozone-layer issue

290

(33)

Introduction

290

(1)

Analysis of media coverage

290

(3)

Media coverage of seminal ozone-layer events

293

(1)

The Molina--Rowland Hypothesis, 1974--1975

294

(3)

US ban on CFC aerosol products, 1977--1978

297

(2)

The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, 1985

299

(1)

Negotiating and signing the Montreal Protocol, 1987

300

(3)

London Conference on Saving the Ozone Layer, 1989

303

(5)

Second Meeting of the Parties, London, 1990

308

(6)

Fourth Meeting of the Parties, Copenhagen, 1992

314

(3)

Ninth Meeting of the Parties, Montreal, 1997

317

(2)

Eleventh Meeting of the Parties, Beijing, 1999

319

(4)

Environmental NGOs, the ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol

323

(22)

Introduction: NGOs as `shapers of policy'

323

(1)

The role of environmental NGOs in the ozone campaign

324

(8)

Litigation and collaboration: Complementary approaches

332

(1)

Raising awareness and generating media coverage

333

(3)

Advocacy work on policy and alternative technologies

336

(3)

Working with industry and government

339

(3)

Boycotting ODS products and creating demand for ozone-friendly products

342

(1)

Monitoring implementation of the Montreal Protocol

343

(1)

Conclusion

344

(1)

Conclusion: A perspective and a caution

345

(24)

The successes of the ozone regime

345

(1)

Why was the ozone regime successful?

346

(5)

Lessons from the development of the Montreal Protocol

351

(2)

Features of the Protocol promoting participation

353

(5)

Partnership led by science and technology

358

(3)

Why did industry cooperate: Regulation or availability of alternatives to ODSs?

361

(1)

Caution for the future

362

(7)

Appendix 1 Ozone layer timelines: 4500 million years ago to present

369

(33)

Appendix 2 World Plan of Action, April 1977

402

(5)

Appendix 3 Controlled substances under the Montreal Protocol

407

(3)

Appendix 4 Control measures of the Montreal Protocol

410

(4)

Appendix 5 Indicative list of categories of incremental costs

414

(2)

Appendix 6 Awards for ozone-layer protection: Nobel Prize, United Nations and others

416

(22)

Appendix 7 Assessment Panels of the Montreal Protocol

438

(5)

Appendix 8 Core readings on the history of ozone-layer protection

443

(4)

Appendix 9 Selected ozone websites

447

(4)

Notes

451

(20)

List of acronyms and abbreviations

471

(6)

Glossary

477

(6)

About the contributors

483

(6)

Index

489

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Protecting the Ozone Layer

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials