Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies : The Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, France, Canada, and the United States

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ISBN: 9780807843529 | 0807843520
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/1/1992

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Flaherty examines the passage, revision, and implementation of privacy and data protection laws at the national and state levels in Sweden, Canada, France, Germany, and the United States. He offers a comparative and critical analysis of the challenges data protectors face int their attempt to preserve individual rights.

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Abbreviations	p. xxi
Introduction	p. 1
The Emergence of Surveillance Societies	p. 1
Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies	p. 6
The Role of Data Protection Agencies	p. 11
The Structure of the Case Studies	p. 16
The Federal Republic of Germany
The West German Model	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
The Development of Legislation	p. 22
Formative Influences	p. 24
The Organization of Data Protection	p. 26
The Goals of Data Protection	p. 30
Statutory Objectives	p. 30
Philosophical Objectives	p. 33
Information Management Objectives	p. 35
The Power of Data Protection Commissioners	p. 40
Independence	p. 40
Powers of Intervention	p. 43
The Use of Power	p. 44
The Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court	p. 46
The Implementation of Data Protection	p. 48
Data Protection Commissioners and Their Staffs	p. 48
Data Protection Activities	p. 56
Data Protection in Practice	p. 65
The Regulation of Surveillance Systems	p. 69
Social Security	p. 69
The Police and Criminal Information Systems	p. 71
The Security Agencies	p. 74
Population Registration, PINs, and Identity Cards	p. 77
Census and Statistics	p. 79
Responding to Privacy and Surveillance Problems	p. 84
The Adequacies of Implementation	p. 84
Revision of the Data Protection Laws	p. 86
Sweden
The Swedish Model	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
The Development of Legislation	p. 94
Formative Influences	p. 96
The Organization of the Data Inspection Board	p. 101
The Goals of Data Protection	p. 104
Data Processing	p. 104
Privacy Considerations	p. 104
Information Management Objectives	p. 107
Conflicts Inherent in the Data Act	p. 108
The Power of the Data Inspection Board	p. 112
Independence	p. 112
Powers of Intervention	p. 115
The Control of Record Linkages	p. 120
The Political Climate and the Use of Power	p. 122
The Implementation of Data Protection	p. 126
The Staff of the Data Inspection Board	p. 126
The DIB's Operational Tools	p. 131
Data Protection in Practice	p. 139
The Regulation of Surveillance Systems	p. 143
The Police and Criminal Information Systems	p. 143
The National Tax Board	p. 145
Personal Identification Numbers	p. 147
The National Register of Names and Addresses (SPAR)	p. 149
Statistics and Research	p. 151
Responding to Privacy and Surveillance Problems	p. 156
The Achievements and Adequacies of Implementation	p. 156
Meeting the Challenge of Revision	p. 159
France
The French Model	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
The Development of Legislation	p. 166
Formative Influences	p. 169
The Organization of the CNIL	p. 172
The Goals of Data Protection	p. 175
Statutory Objectives	p. 175
Philosophical Objectives	p. 178
Information Management Objectives	p. 179
The Power of the Commission	p. 182
Independence	p. 182
Powers of Intervention	p. 186
The Political Climate and the Use of Power	p. 188
The Implementation of Data Protection	p. 192
The Members and Staff of the CNIL	p. 192
The Activities of the CNIL	p. 200
Data Protection Principles in Practice	p. 209
The Regulation of Surveillance Systems	p. 215
The Police and Criminal Information Systems	p. 215
The National Security Agencies	p. 218
Project AUDASS-ENFANCE: Social Assistance to Children	p. 220
Project GAMIN: The Surveillance of Newborn Children	p. 221
Automated Identity Cards	p. 226
The National Identification Register (NIR)	p. 229
Responding to Privacy and Surveillance Problems	p. 233
The Status of Implementation	p. 233
Revising the 1978 Law	p. 237
Canada
The Canadian Model	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
The Development of Federal Legislation	p. 243
Formative Influences	p. 245
Significant Provisions	p. 246
The Organization of Data Protection	p. 248
The Goals of Data Protection	p. 253
Conflicts over Data Protection	p. 256
The Power of the Privacy Commissioner	p. 259
The Issue of Independence	p. 259
The Exercise of Power	p. 260
The Implementation of Data Protection	p. 263
The Office of the Privacy Commissioner	p. 263
Activities of the Privacy Commissioner and the Treasury Board	p. 265
Data Protection Principles in Practice	p. 278
The Regulation of Surveillance Systems	p. 281
The Social Insurance Number	p. 281
Police Information Systems: The RCMP and CPIC	p. 284
The Security Services	p. 291
Revenue Canada Taxation	p. 294
Responding to Privacy and Surveillance Problems	p. 297
The Achievements and Adequacies of Implementation	p. 297
Revising the Privacy Act	p. 298
The United States
The United States Model	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
The Development of Federal Legislation	p. 306
The Rejected Models	p. 310
Formative Influences	p. 314
The Organization of Data Protection	p. 315
The Goals of Data Protection	p. 321
The Power of Data Protection Agents	p. 325
Independence	p. 325
The Exercise of Intervention	p. 325
The Implementation of Data Protection	p. 328
Supervision, Advising, and Training	p. 328
Shaping New Laws and Regulations	p. 341
The Privacy Act in the Courts	p. 342
The Regulation of Computer Matching	p. 344
The OMB Guidelines on Matching Programs	p. 346
Conclusions about the Guidelines on Matching Programs	p. 349
The Monitoring of Matching Programs	p. 350
The Challenge of Matching Programs to Personal Privacy	p. 352
The Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act	p. 356
Responding to Privacy and Surveillance Problems	p. 359
The Adequacies of Implementation	p. 359
The Need for a Privacy Protection Commission	p. 361
Revising the Privacy Act	p. 367
Conclusion: Controlling Surveillance	p. 371
The Necessity of Data Protection Laws	p. 371
Defining Privacy Interests to Limit Surveillance	p. 377
The Need for Data Protection Agencies	p. 381
The Effective Conduct of Data Protection	p. 385
Independence and the Exercise of Power	p. 391
The Adequacy of Advisory Powers	p. 394
The Primacy of Data Protection Concerns	p. 397
Complaints, Audits, and Access Rights	p. 400
Monitoring Surveillance Technology	p. 402
Strengthening Data Protection Legislation	p. 404
Notes	p. 409
Index	p. 467
Tables
Privacy Interests of Individuals in Information about Themselves	p. 8
Chronology of West German Data Protection Legislation	p. 23
Chronology of Swedish Data Protection Legislation	p. 97
Chronology of French Data Protection Legislation	p. 167
Chronology of Canadian Federal Data Protection Legislation	p. 244
Chronology of United States Federal Data Protection Legislation	p. 307
Data Protection Principles and Practices for Government Personal Information Systems	p. 380
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Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies : The Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, France, Canada, and the United States

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