Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9780849315589 | 0849315581
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/29/2004

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Completely updated to reflect the continued importance of protective gloves to occupational health, this second edition of a standard-setting book provides state-of-the-art information on glove materials, the manufacture of gloves, how to perform testing of gloves, and glove performance according to standardized technical methods in vivo.The second edition includes new chapters on:· The efficacy of protective gloves as a preventive means against occupational dermatitis· The role of proper information when choosing gloves· Assessment of skin exposure· Changes in skin barrier properties as a result of wearing gloves· Glove selection for work with acrylatesThis updated compilation of data offers a wealth of information on protective glove material technology, protective effects, and adverse medical effects. It provides guidance on how to select gloves to prevent skin contamination from chemical and microbial exposure in the occupational environment and presents hard to find information in one easy-to-use resource.

Chapter 1 Prevention of Contact Dermatitis

(4)

Jan E. Wahlberg and Howard I. Maibach

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Protective Gloves

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 2 Occupational Hygiene Assessments for the Use of Protective Gloves

(10)

S.Z. Mansdorf

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Risk Assessment Requirements

(1)

III. The Occupational Hygiene Process

(1)

IV. Assessing Risk

(2)

A. Frequency and Severity

(1)

B. Exposure and Dose

(1)

V. TLVs and Other Published Exposure Recommendations

(1)

VI. Assessment of Risk

(2)

VII. Levels of Risk

(1)

VIII. Consideration of Other Control Measures

(1)

IX. Risk vs. Benefit

(1)

X. Worker Training

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 3 Gloves: Types, Materials, and Manufacturing

(14)

Gunh A. Mellström and Anders Boman

I. Types

(1)

II. Materials

(3)

A. Rubber Materials (Natural and Synthetic)

(2)

B. Plastic Polymer Materials

(1)

III. Manufacturing

(9)

A. Gloves Made by Dipping

(7)

1. Compounding of Rubber Latex

(1)

2. Vulcanizing Systems

(2)

3. Dipping Processes

(2)

4. Leaching, Chlorination, and Lubrication

(1)

5. Drying, Curing, and Stripping

(1)

6. Polymer Blends and Polymer Composites

(1)

B. Supported Gloves

(1)

C. Gloves Made by Sewing

(1)

D. Gloves Made by Punching and Welding

(1)

E. Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Chapter 4 European Standards on Protective Gloves

(6)

Gunh A. Mellström and Birgitta Carlsson

I. Introduction

(1)

II. European Directives

(1)

III. Standards Related to Protective Gloves

(2)

References

(2)

Chapter 5 U.S. Rules, Regulations, and Standards for Protective Gloves for Occupational Use

(8)

Norman W. Henry III

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Rules, Regulations, and Standards

(3)

III. Summary and Conclusions

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 6 Japanese Regulations and Standards for Medical and Dental Grade Gloves

(28)

Curtis P. Hamann, Pamela A. Rodgers, and Kim M. Sullivan

I. Introduction

(1)

II. The Japanese Medical Device Regulatory System

(1)

III. Registration and Approval

(3)

IV. Medical Device Classification

(2)

V. Glove Standards

(11)

A. Examination Gloves

(8)

B. Surgical Gloves

(1)

C. Protective Gloves (Utility)

(3)

VI. Important Differences in Performance Requirements

(2)

VII. Good Manufacturing Practices and Quality Control

(1)

VIII. The National Health Insurance Reimbursement System

(1)

IX. Infection Control and Glove Use

(2)

X. Glove-Related Allergy and Product Selection

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 7 Testing of Protective Effect against Liquid Chemicals

(18)

Gunh A. Mellström, Birgitta Carlsson, and Anders Boman

I. Terms and Definitions

(1)

II. Degradation Testing

(1)

III. Permeation Testing

(9)

A. Key Parameters

(1)

B. Standard Test Methods

(1)

C. Permeation Test Cells

(2)

D. Factors Influencing the Permeation Test Results

(3)

E. Evaluation of Test Results

(1)

F. Intermittent Contact Permeation Testing

(1)

G. Protection Index

(1)

H. Modified Permeation Testing

(1)

IV. Penetration Testing

(1)

V. Summary

(1)

References

(5)

Chapter 8 Standard Quality Control Testing, Virus Penetration, and Glove Durability

(22)

LeRoy W. Schroeder, Donna L. Walsh, Matthew R. Schwerin, D. Coleman Richardson, Richard W. Kisielewski, and W. Howard Cyr

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Standard Tests for Glove Integrity

(4)

A. The 1000 ml Water Leak Test

(1)

B. Virus Leak Tests

(1)

C. Puncture Resistance

(2)

D. Breaking Strength

(1)

E. Tear Strength

(1)

III. Integrity Studies of New and Used Gloves

(5)

A. Leak Tests on Used Gloves

(3)

1. Testing with 1000 ml of Water

(1)

2. Testing with Viruses

(2)

B. Leak Tests on Punctured Gloves

(1)

1. Results from 1000 ml Water Leak Tests

(1)

2. Results from Virus Tests

(1)

C. Studies of Puncture Resistance

(1)

IV. Barrier (Glove) Durability

(7)

A. Material Fatigue

(4)

B. Tribologic Studies

103

(2)

C. Other Factors That Influence Integrity

105

(1)

V. Conclusion

106

(1)

References

106

(5)

Chapter 9 In Vivo Testing of the Protective Effect of Gloves

111

(10)

Cecilia Svedman and Magnus Bruze

I. Introduction

111

(1)

II. In Vitro Testing of Gloves

112

(1)

III. In Vivo Testing of Gloves

112

(6)

A. Animal Studies

112

(1)

B. Patch Testing with Allergen and Glove

113

(1)

C. Use of an Open Chamber System

113

(10)

1. Testing Device

114

(1)

2. Method

115

(1)

3. Evaluation

116

(2)

References

118

(3)

Chapter 10 Irritation and Contact Dermatitis from Protective Gloves - An Overview

121

(6)

Jan E. Wahlberg

I. Introduction

121

(1)

II. History

122

(1)

III. Symptoms and Signs

122

(1)

IV. Exposure Conditions

122

(1)

V. Skin Irritation - Strategy for Examination and Suggested Investigations

123

(2)

A. Provocation Tests

124

(1)

B. Patch Tests with Pieces of Glove

124

(1)

C. Workplace Visits

124

(1)

VI. Summary and Conclusion

125

(1)

References

125

(2)

Chapter 11 Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves

127

(18)

Tuula Estlander and Riitta Jolanki

I. Introduction

127

(1)

II. Frequency of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Gloves

128

(1)

A. Rubber Gloves

128

(1)

B. Plastic Gloves

129

(1)

III. Sensitizers

129

(5)

A. Rubber Gloves

129

(3)

B. Plastic Gloves

132

(2)

IV. Clinical Aspects

134

(2)

A. Predisposing Factors

134

(1)

B. Location and Appearance of Dermatitis

135

(1)

V. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis

136

(1)

VI. Prevention of Glove Dermatitis

137

(2)

VII. Summary

139

(1)

References

139

(6)

Chapter 12 Clinical Testing of Occupation-Related Glove Sensitivity

145

(10)

An E. Goossens

I. Introduction

145

(1)

II. Contact Urticaria Syndrome

146

(1)

III. Allergic Contact Eczema

147

(1)

IV. Penetration of Chemicals through Gloves

148

(2)

V. Conclusion

150

(1)

References

150

(5)

Chapter 13 Management of Natural Rubber Glove Sensitivity

155

(32)

Curtis P Hamann, Pamela A. Rodgers, and Kim M. Sullivan

I. Introduction

156

(1)

II. A Primer on Glove Manufacturing

157

(2)

III. Glove-Related Allergens and Associated Reactions

159

(5)

A. NRL Protein Allergens and Type I (Immediate) Allergic Reactions

160

(2)

B. Rubber Chemical Allergens and Delayed (Type IV) Allergic Reactions

162

(2)

C. Irritant Reactions

164

(1)

IV. Diagnostic Evaluation

164

(8)

A. Risk Factors

164

(1)

B. Symptom Assessment

165

(1)

C. Diagnostic Testing

166

(4)

1. Skin Prick Testing for Type I NRL Protein Allergy

167

(1)

2. Serologic Testing for Type I NRL Allergy

168

(1)

3. Provocation, Use, and Challenge Testing for Type I NRL Protein Allergy

168

(1)

4. Patch Testing for Type IV Allergy to Rubber Chemical Additives

169

(1)

D. Differential Diagnosis

170

(2)

V. Management

172

(6)

A. Worker Education and Awareness

173

(1)

B. Product Selection Considerations for Type I NRL-Allergic Workers

174

(1)

C. Product Selection Considerations for Workers with Type IV Allergies to Rubber Additives

175

(2)

D. Reducing NRL Environmental Exposure Levels

177

(1)

VI. Summary and Future Directions

178

(1)

References

179

(8)

Chapter 14 Allergic Responses to Powdered Natural Rubber Latex Gloves in Health-Care Workers

187

(16)

Susan M. Tarlo

I. Introduction

187

(3)

II. Manifestations of NRL Allergy, Other Than Contact Urticaria

190

(8)

A. History

191

(1)

B. Skin Tests for Occupational NRL Allergy

192

(1)

C. In Vitro Immunologic Tests

193

(1)

D. Local Glove Challenge

193

(1)

E. Nasal Challenges

193

(1)

F. Assessment of Possible NRL-Induced Occupational Asthma

194

(4)

III. Is Occupational NRL Allergy in Health-Care Workers Still a Problem?

198

(1)

References

199

(4)

Chapter 15 Other Reactions from Gloves

203

(16)

James S. Taylor and Apra Sood

I. Introduction

203

(1)

II. Irritant Reactions

203

(4)

III. Contact and Other Urticaria

207

(2)

IV. Chemical Leukoderma

209

(2)

V. Endotoxins

211

(1)

VI. Ethylene Oxide

212

(2)

References

214

(5)

Chapter 16 Occlusion vs. Contact Dermatitis

219

(10)

Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach

I. Introduction

219

(1)

II. Skin and Effects of Occlusion

219

(1)

III. Local Reactions of Occlusion

220

(3)

IV. Conclusions

223

(2)

References

225

(4)

Chapter 17 Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals

229

(26)

John W. Cherrie, Sean Semple, and Derk H. Brouwer

I. Introduction

229

(2)

II. A Conceptual Model of Dermal Exposure

231

(2)

III. Monitoring Exposure to Assess the Protection Afforded by Gloves

233

(7)

A. Available Methods for Monitoring Dermal Exposure

233

(4)

1. Surrogate Skin Methods

234

(1)

2. Removal Methods

235

(1)

3. Visualization Techniques

236

(1)

B. Role of Biological Monitoring in Assessing Dermal Exposure

237

(1)

C. What Can These Methods Measure?

238

(2)

IV. Studies That Have Attempted to Assess the Workplace Effectiveness of Gloves

240

(2)

V. Impact of Gloves on Uptake through the Skin

242

(3)

VI. Implications for Testing the Effectiveness of Gloves

245

(5)

VII. Discussion

250

(1)

References

251

(4)

Chapter 18 Practical Considerations When Selecting and Using Gloves for Chemical Protection in a Workplace

255

(32)

Christopher L. Packham and Helen E. Packham

I. Introduction

256

(1)

II. Who Shall Provide Gloves?

256

(1)

III. What Factors Determine Whether a Glove Is Suitable as Protection?

257

(2)

IV. Which Glove Should Be Chosen?

259

(20)

A. What Factors Affect Glove Performance in a Working Environment?

259

(10)

1. Misuse

259

(4)

2. Physical Damage

263

(1)

3. Degradation

263

(1)

4. Permeation

264

(3)

5. The Problem of Mixtures

267

(2)

B. Selecting the Optimum Glove Material

269

(2)

C. Which Glove?

271

(1)

1. Hazard

272

(1)

2. Potential for Skin Contact

272

(1)

3. Nature of Contact

273

(1)

4. Physical Characteristics of Chemical

273

(1)

5. Physical Damage to Glove

274

(1)

6. Temperature

275

(1)

7. Requirements of Task

276

(1)

8. Management Control

276

(1)

9. Training Needs

276

(1)

10. Purchasing

277

(1)

11. Effects on the Skin of Wearing Gloves

277

(1)

12. Size

278

(1)

13. Cost

278

(1)

V. How Is It Determined Whether an Adequate Control for the Workers Is Achieved?

279

(2)

A. Determining the SMUT

280

(1)

VI. How Is an Effective Glove Selection and Use System Created and Maintained?

281

(3)

References

284

(3)

Other Sources of Information

284

(1)

Useful Web Sites

284

(3)

Chapter 19 Glove Selection for Work with UV/EB-Curing Acrylates

287

(12)

Rob Zwanenburg, Riitta Jolanki, Erja A. Mäkelä, and Tuula Estlander

I. Introduction

287

(1)

II. General Overview of UV/EB-Curing Acrylates

288

(2)

A. Chemistry

288

(2)

1. Oligomers

288

(1)

2. Monomers

289

(1)

B. Industrial Applications

290

(1)

III. Dermatological Problems with UV/EB-Curing Acrylates in Industrial Applications

290

(1)

IV. Resistance of Protective Gloves to Permeation by UV/EB-Curing Acrylates

291

(2)

V. Recommendations for Protective Gloves for Work with UV/EB-Curing Acrylates

293

(2)

A. Brief Direct Contact to UV/EB-Curing Acrylates without Organic Solvents

293

(1)

B. Long-Lasting Contact to UV/EB-Curing Acrylates without Organic Solvents

293

(1)

C. Long-Duration Contact to UV/EB-Curing Acrylates with Organic Solvents

294

(1)

D. Handling of HDDA or DPGDA with or without Solvents

294

(1)

VI. Conclusions

295

(1)

Acknowledgment

295

(1)

References

295

(4)

Chapter 20 Chemical Permeation through Disposable Gloves

299

(16)

Erja A. Mäkelä and Riitta Jolanki

I. Introduction

299

(1)

II. Finding Information

300

(1)

III. Test Methods

300

(1)

IV. Disinfectants

301

(2)

A. Chemical Permeation Studies

301

(1)

B. Recommendations

302

(1)

V. Acrylic Compounds

303

(2)

A. Chemical Permeation Studies

303

(2)

B. Recommendations

305

(1)

VI. Cytostatic Drugs

305

(2)

A. Chemical Permeation Studies

305

(2)

B. Recommendations

307

(1)

VII. Solvents

307

(1)

A. Chemical Permeation Studies

308

(1)

B. Recommendations

308

(1)

VIII. Other Chemicals

308

(1)

A. Miscellaneous Chemicals

308

(1)

B. Fatal Risks

309

(1)

IX. Conclusions

309

(1)

References

309

(6)

Chapter 21 Gloves as Protection against Microbial Contamination

315

(6)

Ulrika Ransjö

I. Introduction

315

(1)

II. Protection against Microorganisms

315

(2)

A. Surgery

315

(1)

B. Patient Care

316

(1)

III. Effects of Chemicals Commonly Used in Medical Care

317

(1)

IV. Selection of Gloves

317

(1)

V. Conclusion

318

(1)

References

319

(2)

Chapter 22 The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides

321

(14)

Jesper B. Nielsen

I. Introduction

321

(1)

II. Dermal Exposure to Pesticides

322

(1)

III. Comfort and Use of Gloves

323

(1)

IV. Exposure Scenarios

323

(1)

A. Mixing and Loading

323

(1)

B. Distribution

323

(1)

C. Reentry

324

(1)

V. Important Determinants Describing Penetration Characteristics of Gloves

324

(2)

VI. Permeation of Pesticides through Gloves

326

(2)

A. Carbamates

326

(1)

B. Pyrethroids

326

(1)

C. Aryloxyalcanoic Acids

327

(1)

D. Organochlorines

327

(1)

E. Organophosphates

328

(1)

VII. Resistance of Gloves to Penetration of Pesticides

328

(2)

A. Polyethylene Gloves

328

(1)

B. Latex, Natural Rubber

329

(1)

C. PVC

329

(1)

D. Neoprene

329

(1)

E. SilverShield/Laminate

330

(1)

F. Nitrile

330

(1)

VIII. Pesticide Formulations

330

(1)

IX. Use of Gloves after Storage, Washing, or Cleansing

331

(1)

References

332

(3)

Index

335

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Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, Second Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

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Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, Second Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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