Psychological Effects of Catastrophic Disasters: Group Approaches to Treatment

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ISBN: 9780789018403 | 0789018403
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/19/2006

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In response to today's increasing need for reliable, up-to-date information on treating people traumatized by catastrophic disasters, this first-of-its-kind book has been created. Here, internationally renowned authorities thoroughly explore medical treatment and numerous evidence-based group interventions, providing expert suggestions and relevant examples. This essential source is designed to serve as a quick reference for mental health and health professionals who need to be prepared for the traumatic aftermath of catastrophic disasters. Book jacket.

About the Editors

xvii

Contributors

xix

Preface

xxv

Acknowledgments

xxix

PART I: OVERVIEW

Chapter 1. Trauma, Terror, and Fear: Mental Health Professionals Respond to the Impact of 9/11 An Overview

(16)

Terence M. Keane

Linda A. Piwowarczik

Conceptual Models

(2)

Levels of Intervention

(2)

Controversies

(2)

On-Site Roles for Mental Health Providers

(1)

Clinician Self-Care

(1)

Chapter Content

(2)

Summary

(6)

PART II: FOUNDATIONS

Chapter 2. Images of Trauma: The Aftermath of Terrorism and Disasters

(14)

Henry I. Spitz

Rebecca E. Spitz

Introduction

(1)

Case Illustrations

(11)

Summary

(2)

Chapter 3. Mental Health Issues and Implications of Living Under Ongoing Terrorist Threats

(28)

Sara A. Freedman

Rivka Tuval-Mashiach

Introduction

(1)

Historical Perspective

(2)

Ongoing Terrorist Threats: What Is the Difference?

(1)

Ongoing Terrorist Threats: Current Research on the Israeli Experience

(5)

Mental Health Issues

(2)

Treatment Implications

(8)

Treatment During Ongoing Terrorist Threats

(3)

Conclusions

(6)

Chapter 4. Neurobiology of Trauma

(22)

Craig L. Katz

Rachel Yehuda

Introduction

(1)

Impact of the Traumatic Event on Mind and Brain

(4)

Role of the Mental Health Professional During the Recoil Phase

(3)

A Neuroendocrine Perspective on the Posttraumatic Period

(5)

A Neuroanatomical Perspective on the Posttraumatic Period

(4)

Conclusion

(6)

Chapter 5. Children and Families: A New Framework for Preparedness and Response to Danger, Terrorism, and Trauma

(30)

Robert S. Pynoos

Alan M. Steinberg

Merritt D. Schreiber

Melissa J. Bremer

Introduction

(1)

The National Child Traumatic Stress Network

(1)

Selected Literature Review on Children and Terrorism

(2)

Unique Challenges Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction

(2)

The Ecology of Terrorism and Danger

(7)

The Ecology of Response

(4)

Public Mental Health Strategies

100

(2)

Research Issues for Children and Families in the Aftermath of Weapons of Mass Destruction

102

(3)

Ethical Issues in Mental Health Research After Terrorism

105

(8)

Chapter 6. Traumatic Reactions to Terrorism: The Individual and Collective Experience

113

(42)

K. Chase Stovall-McClough

Marylene Cloitre

Introduction

113

(1)

Trauma and Attachment Theory

113

(1)

The Nature and Impact of Traumatic Events

114

(1)

Assessment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

115

(8)

Terrorism and Mental Health: Research Findings

123

(16)

Traumatic Reactions to Terrorism: Special Considerations

139

(4)

Conclusions and Implications for Recovery

143

(12)

Chapter 7. Clinical Issues in the Psychopharmacology of PTSD

155

(48)

Steven B. Rudin

Serena Y Volpp

Randall D. Marshall

Introduction

155

(1)

Rationale for Pharmacotherapy

156

(2)

Clinical Issues Related to Pharmacotherapy of PTSD

158

(4)

Overview of the Literature on Pharmacotherapy

162

(5)

Classes of Medication: Antidepressants

167

(9)

Classes of Medication: Sedatives/Hypnotics

176

(1)

Classes of Medication: Mood Stabilizers

177

(5)

Classes of Medication: Antipsychotics

182

(3)

Classes of Medication: Autonomic Nervous System Modulators

185

(3)

Alternative Medications

188

(1)

Summary

189

(2)

Appendix: Index of Medications

191

(12)

Chapter 8. Respecting Cultural, Religious, and Ethnic Differences in the Prevention and Treatment of Psychological Sequelae

203

(32)

Yael Daniell

Kathleen Nader

Introduction

203

(2)

Learning About a Culture

205

(1)

Identifying the Components of Culture

206

(1)

Cultural Issues and Reactions to Trauma and Treatment

207

(20)

Conclusions

227

(8)

Chapter 9. Contextual Influences on Posttraumatic Adjustment: Retraumatization and the Roles of Revictimization, Posttraumatic. Adversities, and Distressing Reminders

235

(52)

Christopher M. Layne

Jared S. Warren

William R. Saltzman

John B. Fulton

Alan M. Steinberg

Robert S. Pynoos

Introduction

235

(3)

The Need for Terminological and Conceptual Clarity

238

(5)

A Theoretical Framework of Posttraumatic Adjustment

243

(16)

Empirical Tests of the Proposed Intervening Variables

259

(7)

Summary and Directions for Future Research

266

(8)

Conclusion

274

(1)

Appendix: Glossary of Proposed Terms Relating to Posttraumatic Distress Reactivation

275

(12)

Chapter 10. The Syndrome of Traumatic Grief and Its Treatment

287

(48)

M. Katherine Shear

Allan Zuckoff

Nadine Melhem

Bonnie J. Gorscak

Introduction

287

(2)

Historical Perspectives

289

(2)

Diagnosis of Bereavement-Related Syndromes

291

(7)

Epidemiology

298

(5)

Clinical Features of Traumatic Grief

303

(2)

Traumatic Grief Treatment

305

(20)

Components of a Potential Group Treatment Approach of TGT

325

(3)

Research Evidence for Treatment of Traumatic Grief

328

(1)

Conclusion

329

(6)

Chapter 11. Spirituality in the Face of Terrorist Disasters

335

(50)

Kent D. Drescher

Introduction

335

(2)

Definition of Terms

337

(2)

Research on Spirituality and Health

339

(4)

Non–Mental Health Resources for Spiritual Support

343

(1)

Rationale for Incorporating Spiritual Themes into Group-Based Trauma Treatment

344

(3)

Considerations Prior to Implementing Activities

347

(7)

Components of Therapy

354

(9)

Vignettes Demonstrating Interventions at Different Stages

363

(12)

Summary

375

(10)

PART III: GROUP MODELS

Chapter 12. Integrating Small-Group Process Principles into Trauma-Focused Group Psychotherapy: What Should a Group Trauma Therapist Know?

385

(40)

D. Rob Davies

Gary M. Burlingame

Christopher M. Layne

Introduction

385

(2)

Why Should a Trauma Therapist Be Interested in Small-Group Process Principles?

387

(2)

What Are the "Active Ingredients" in Groups That Produce Therapeutic Change?

389

(5)

Group Development

394

(4)

Interpersonal Feedback

398

(7)

Integrating Small-Group Process Principles into Existing Group-Based Trauma Treatment Protocols: A Case Example

405

(3)

Application: Incorporating Small-Group Process Principles into TFGT

408

(6)

Observations and Recommendations

414

(1)

Directions in Future Research and Training

415

(2)

Conclusion

417

(8)

Chapter 13. Critical Incident Stress Management in Terrorist Events and Disasters

425

(56)

Jeffrey T. Mitchell

George S. Everly Jr.

Introduction

425

(5)

Crisis Intervention

430

(5)

Overview of the Four Main CISM Group Interventions

435

(2)

Critical Incident Stress Management

437

(2)

Large-Group Processes

439

(10)

Small-Group Processes

449

(11)

Follow-Up Groups

460

(3)

Taking Care of the Team Members

463

(2)

The Research

465

(7)

Misconceptions Regarding Crisis Intervention and CISM

472

(2)

Conclusion

474

(7)

Chapter 14. Group Intervention for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Initial Stress Reactions in Civilians

481

(24)

Beverley Raphael

Sally Wooding

Introduction

481

(2)

Rationale and Objectives of the Group

483

(2)

Acute Initial Reaction Phase

485

(3)

Criteria for Selection of Members for Group Intervention or Individual Programs

488

(2)

Composition and Preparation for Group Interventions

490

(1)

Group Intervention Approaches for Acute Reactions in Civilians: The Immediate Phase and Beyond

491

(5)

After the Early Days and During the First Month

496

(3)

Potential Problems

499

(1)

Combined Individual and Group Treatment

500

(1)

Conclusion

500

(5)

Chapter 15. Present-Centered Supportive Group Therapy for Trauma Survivors

505

(76)

Melissa S. Wattenberg

William S. Unger

David W. Foy

Shirley M. Glynn

Introduction

505

(4)

Purposes of Present-Centered Group Therapy

509

(2)

Group Characteristics

511

(5)

Challenges in PCGT

516

(4)

Selection Criteria

520

(3)

Composition of and Preparation for Entry into Group

523

(5)

Phases of PCGT

528

(16)

Clinical Interventions

544

(29)

Uses and Staging of PCGT

573

(1)

Conclusion

574

(1)

Appendix

575

(6)

Chapter 16. Cognitive-Behavioral Groups for Traumatically Bereaved Children and Their Parents

581

(48)

Karen Stubenbort

Judith A. Cohen

Introduction

581

(1)

Evidenced-Based Framework

582

(3)

Objective and Focus of Group

585

(1)

Criteria and Selection of Members

586

(4)

Group Composition and Preparation

590

(1)

Role of the Therapists

591

(1)

The Group

592

(1)

The Cognitive-Behavioral Group Model

593

(1)

Children's Trauma-Focused Interventions

593

(16)

Children's Bereavement-Focused Interventions

609

(4)

Parents' Trauma-Focused Interventions

613

(7)

Parents' Bereavement-Focused Interventions

620

(4)

Conclusion

624

(5)

Chapter 17. Combining Cognitive Processing Therapy with Panic Exposure and Management Techniques

629

(40)

Sherry A. Falsetti

Heidi S. Resnick

Steven R. Lawyer

Introduction

629

(1)

Rationale and Objective of the Group

630

(5)

Description and Tasks to Be Accomplished

635

(3)

Criteria for Selection of Members

638

(3)

Composition and Preparation for Entry into Group

641

(3)

Structural Considerations of the Group

644

(2)

Components of Treatment

646

(18)

Future Treatment Directions

664

(5)

Chapter 18. Trauma/Grief-Focused Group Psychotherapy with Adolescents

669

(62)

William R. Saltzman

Christopher M. Layne

Alan M. Steinberg

Robert S. Pynoos

Rationale and Objective of the Group

669

(5)

Theoretical Model

674

(4)

Rationale for Group Treatment

678

(1)

Criteria for Selection of Members and Preparation for Entry into the Group

679

(6)

Group Composition

685

(2)

Structural Considerations for Group Treatment

687

(2)

Overview of Group Therapy Modules

689

(3)

Module I: Group Cohesion, Psychoeducation, and Basic Coping Skills

692

(12)

Module II: Constructing the Trauma Narrative

704

(9)

Module III: Coping with Traumatic Loss and Grief

713

(5)

Module IV: Refocusing on the Present and Looking to the Future

718

(6)

Combining Individual and Family Interventions with Group Treatment

724

(1)

Conclusion

725

(6)

Chapter 19. Trauma-Focus Group Therapy: An Evidence-Based Group Approach to Trauma with Adults

731

(56)

William S. Unger

Melissa S. Wadenberg

David W. Foy

Shirley M. Glynn

Introduction

731

(4)

Group Goals

735

(2)

Leadership Issues

737

(3)

Criteria for Selection of Members

740

(2)

Composition and Preparation for Entry into Group

742

(1)

Group

743

(1)

Beginning Phase (Sessions 1 through 3)

744

(15)

Middle Phase

759

(12)

Final Phase (Termination)

771

(1)

Situations That Members Experience As Difficult

772

(4)

Variations of the Model

776

(1)

Final Thoughts

776

(3)

Appendix I: Journal Homework Form

779

(1)

Appendix II: Coping Resources Self-Assessment

780

(1)

Appendix III: Coping with Symptoms Record

781

(1)

Appendix IV: Home-Based Therapy Self-Exposure

782

(5)

Chapter 20. Psychodynamic Group Treatment

787

(54)

Daniel S. Weiss

Rationale and Objective of the Group

787

(7)

Core Elements of Intervention

794

(8)

Tasks to Be Accomplished

802

(8)

Phase I

810

(18)

Phase II

828

(7)

Phase III

835

(2)

Conclusion

837

(4)

Chapter 21. Groups for Mental Health Professionals Working with Survivors

841

(38)

Yael Daniele

Training Professionals to Deal with Trauma

843

(2)

Event Countertransference and Training

845

(5)

Understanding the Process

850

(6)

Some Principles of Self-Healing

856

(1)

The "Conspiracy of Silence" Between Psychotherapists and Patients

857

(1)

Countertransference Themes

858

(11)

Comparisons Between SCS and NVH Groups

869

(2)

Concluding Remarks

871

(8)

PART IV: FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Chapter 22. Future Directions

879

(26)

David W. Foy

Daryl A. Schrock

Introduction

879

(1)

Development of Trauma-Related Group Therapy

880

(2)

Group Psychological Debriefing

882

(1)

Review of Group Therapy for Trauma Studies

883

(9)

From Current Status to Future Groups for Terrorist Disaster Survivors

892

(6)

Strength of Evidence for Recommendations

898

(1)

Future Research Directions

899

(6)

Index

905

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Psychological Effects of Catastrophic Disasters: Group Approaches to Treatment

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