Psychological Recovery Beyond Mental Illness

Lindsay Oades is a Clinical and Health Psychologist and Director of the Australian Institute of Business Wellbeing at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He has been awarded numerous national awards for his mental health research.

Peter Caputi is an Associate Professor in the School of Psychology at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He is a consulting editor for the Journal of Constructivist Psychology and The Journal of Psychology:  Interdisciplinary and Applied.

Foreword by Jon Strang xiii

Preface xvii

Acknowledgements xix

Part I Recovery in Historical Context

1 Introduction: Recovery from schizophrenia 3

Overview 3

Early conceptualizations of schizophrenia 4

Diagnostic systems and prognostic pessimism 6

Empirical evidence for recovery 7

The persistence of a pessimistic prognosis 13

The real possibility of recovery 17

The emergence of the ‘recovery’ movement 18

What do we mean by ‘recovery’? 20

Conclusion 22

Summary 22

2 Conceptualizing recovery: A consumer-oriented approach 23

Overview 23

Developing a consumer-oriented model of recovery 24

The search for common ground 25

Meanings of recovery in the literature 25

Consumer descriptions – psychological recovery 28

Diverse opinions on some aspects of recovery 31

Four component processes of recovery 34

A definition of psychological recovery 40

Steps along the journey of recovery 41

Five stages of psychological recovery 45

Conclusion 45

Summary 48

Appendices 48

Part II Elaboration of the Model: From Hopelessness to Flourishing

3 Moratorium: The first stage of psychological recovery 53

Overview 53

Negative symptoms or psychological sequelae? 53

Hope in the Moratorium stage: Hopelessness 54

Responsibility in the Moratorium stage: Powerlessness 57

Identity in the Moratorium stage: Loss of sense of self 59

Meaning in the Moratorium stage: Loss of purpose in life 63

Conclusion 65

Summary 66

4 Awareness: The second stage of psychological recovery 67

Overview 67

Hope in the Awareness stage: The dawn of hope 67

Responsibility in the Awareness stage: The need to take control 70

Identity in the Awareness stage: I am not the illness 72

Meaning in the Awareness stage: Need for a purpose in life 74

Conclusion 76

Summary 76

5 Preparation: The third stage of psychological recovery 77

Overview 77

Hope in the Preparation stage: Mobilizing resources 77

Responsibility in the Preparation stage: Taking autonomous steps 79

Identity in the Preparation stage: Taking an internal inventory 81

Meaning in the Preparation stage: Reassessing goals 83

Conclusion 85

Summary 85

6 Rebuilding: The fourth stage of psychological recovery 87

Overview 87

Hard work and hopefulness 87

Hope in the Rebuilding stage: Active pursuit of personal goals 88

Responsibility in the Rebuilding stage: Taking control 90

Identity in the Rebuilding stage: Self-redefinition 93

Meaning in the Rebuilding stage: Valued goals 96

Risk-taking, perseverance and resilience 99

Conclusion 100

Summary 101

7 Growth: The fifth stage of psychological recovery 103

Overview 103

Hope in the Growth stage: Optimism about the future 103

Responsibility in the Growth stage: In control of life and wellbeing 105

Identity in the Growth stage: An authentic self 107

Meaning in the Growth stage: Living a meaningful life 109

Resilience, personal growth and wisdom 111

Conclusion 113

Retrospective overview 114

Summary 114

8 Common questions regarding the stage model of psychological recovery 115

Overview 115

Ten questions that have been raised about the model 115

Conclusion 120

Summary 120

Part III Measuring Recovery

9 Recovery-oriented outcome measurement 123

Overview 123

Why the need for measures of recovery? 123

Approaches to operationalizing recovery in research 125

Assessing outcomes in routine clinical practice 126

Outcome measurement from the consumer perspective 127

Measuring consumer-defined recovery 128

Measures based on the stage model of psychological recovery 129

Concluding comment 135

Summary 135

Part IV Towards a Positive Future

10 Psychological recovery and positive psychology 139

Overview 139

A scientific approach to recovery 139

Hope 140

Meaning and purpose 140

Responsibility 141

Identity 142

Resilience 142

Strengths 143

Values 143

Autonomous goals 144

Growth 144

Wellbeing 145

Living with illness and flourishing 145

Summary 146

11 Reflections and future directions 147

From wellness to wellbeing 147

Applications of the model 148

Recovery measures in clinical work, evaluation and research 151

Current and future research directions 152

A word about words 153

Afterword 155

References 157

Index 179

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