Psychology

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ISBN: 9780139325830 | 0139325832
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/1999

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Designed for majors and non-majors alike, this engaging text offers a broad exploration of classic and contemporary research on current and emerging topics in the field, and encourages students to recognize, first hand, how psychological concepts have meaning in their own daily lives. Several interactive features ensure thorough understanding of the material, and the book's lively conversational tone enhances its interactive approach to both teaching and learning psychology.

About the Authors

xiii

Preface

Psychology, Research, and You

(42)

Becoming a Psychological Detective

(9)

Arthur Conan Doyle's Belief in Fairies

(2)

Mentalism Revealed

(2)

Guidelines for the Psychological Detective

(4)

Research Methods in Psychology

(15)

The Case Study

(1)

Naturalistic Observation

(1)

Correlational Research

(2)

Survey Research

(2)

The Experimental Method

(3)

Statistics and Psychologists

(1)

Research Ethics

(5)

The Origins of Modern Psychology

(8)

Wundt and Structuralism

(1)

Functionalism

(1)

Gestalt Psychology

(1)

The Behavioral Perspective

(1)

Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective

(1)

The Humanistic Perspective

(1)

The Physiological Perspective

(1)

The Cognitive Perspective

(1)

The Cultural and Diversity Perspective

(3)

Present-Day Psychology

(1)

Psychological Specialties

(8)

Biological Foundations of Psychology

(42)

Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and the Evolutionary Perspective

(1)

Sensing, Processing, and Responding

(1)

The Nervous System

(16)

The Peripheral Nervous System

(2)

The Central Nervous System

(13)

Neurons: The Cells of the Nervous System

(13)

Components of the Neuron

(2)

The Synapse and Neurotransmitters

(6)

The Nature of the Neural Signal

(4)

The Split-Brain Operation and Neuropsychology

(4)

The Split-Brain Operation

(2)

Brain Asymmetries

(1)

Neuropsychology

(1)

The Endocrine System

(7)

Major Endocrine Glands

(6)

Sensation and Perception

(54)

Sensation, Perception, and Psychophysics

(3)

Sensation and Perception

(1)

Psychophysics

(1)

Thresholds

(1)

Sensory Systems

(28)

Vision

(12)

Audition (Hearing)

104

(6)

The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell

110

(5)

Other Sensory Systems

115

(4)

Perception

119

(13)

Motivation and Attention

119

(2)

Basic Perceptual Abilities: Patterns and Constancies

121

(4)

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization

125

(2)

Perception of Movement

127

(1)

Perceptual Hypotheses and Illusions

128

(2)

Contemporary Issues and Findings in Perception Research

130

(2)

Paranormal Phenomena

132

(9)

Skeptical Scientists

133

(2)

A Believing Public

135

(6)

Motivation and Emotion

141

(48)

What is Motivation?

142

(1)

Theories of Motivation

142

(8)

Biological Theories

143

(3)

Cognitive Theories

146

(2)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

148

(2)

The Role of Learning

150

(1)

Dealing With Multiple Motives

150

(3)

Specific Motives

153

(7)

Hunger

153

(1)

Sex

154

(3)

Achievement

157

(2)

Affiliation

159

(1)

The What and the Why of Emotion

160

(2)

Relating Emotions and Behavior

161

(1)

The Physiological Components of Emotions

162

(10)

The First Theories

162

(2)

Physiological Differences Among Emotions

164

(2)

The Role of the Brain

166

(3)

Evaluating the Lie Detector

169

(3)

The Expressive Components of Emotions

172

(10)

Universal Elements in the Facial Expression of Emotion

172

(7)

Nonverbal Communication

179

(2)

Gender Effects

181

(1)

The Cognitive Components of Emotions

182

(7)

The Language of Emotion

183

(2)

The Development of Emotion

185

(4)

States of Consciousness

189

(44)

What is Consciousness?

190

(1)

The Rhythms of Life

191

(6)

Circadian Rhythms

191

(3)

Problems with Circadian Rhythms

194

(3)

The Study of Sleep

197

(16)

A Night in a Sleep Lab

198

(1)

The Stages of Sleep

198

(2)

Differences in Individual Sleep Patterns

200

(2)

Sleep Deprivation

202

(1)

The Functions of Sleep

202

(1)

Sleep Problems

203

(7)

Dreams: Nighttime Theater

210

(3)

Hypnosis

213

(6)

The History of Hypnosis

214

(1)

Hypnotic Induction

214

(1)

Hypnotic Phenomena

215

(2)

Explanations of Hypnosis

217

(2)

Altering Consciousness with Drugs

219

(14)

Depressants

221

(6)

Stimulants

227

(1)

Opioids

228

(1)

Hallucinogens

228

(5)

Basic Principles of Learning

233

(42)

What is Learning?

234

(1)

Classical Conditioning

235

(15)

Pavlov and the Elements of Classical Conditioning

235

(3)

Phobias

238

(1)

John Watson, Little Albert, and the Ethics of Research

239

(2)

Pleasant Unconditioned Stimuli

241

(1)

Other Aspects of Classical Conditioning

241

(4)

Classical Conditioning and Our Motives

245

(1)

Current Trends in Classical Conditioning

245

(2)

Taste-Aversion Learning and Preparedness

247

(3)

Operant Conditioning

250

(14)

Reinforcers

250

(2)

B. F. Skinner and the ``Skinner Box''

252

(1)

Shaping

253

(1)

Schedules of Reinforcement

254

(4)

The Role of Cognition

258

(3)

Punishment: The Opposite of Reinforcement

261

(3)

Extinction

264

(3)

The Partial Reinforcement Effect

264

(1)

Operant Conditioning and Stimulus Control

265

(2)

Observational Learning

267

(2)

Behavior Modification

269

(6)

Memory

275

(42)

Initial Studies

276

(3)

The Curve of Forgetting

277

(1)

Recognition and Relearning

277

(2)

Traditional Models of Memory

279

(10)

Human Memory as an Information Processing System

279

(2)

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

281

(8)

Other Approaches to Learning and Memory

289

(16)

The Levels-of-Processing Model

289

(3)

Alternate Approaches

292

(1)

Different Types of Long-Term Memory

293

(4)

Retrieval

297

(5)

The Repressed-Memory Controversey

302

(2)

Memory Illusions

304

(1)

Techniques for Improving Memory

305

(6)

Influential Factors

305

(1)

Processing Strategies

306

(5)

The Physiological Basis of Learning and Memory

311

(6)

Amnesias

312

(5)

Thinking and Intelligence

317

(46)

Thinking

318

(21)

Cognitive Psychology

318

(4)

Thinking and Language

322

(2)

Problem Solving

324

(5)

Making Decisions

329

(4)

Creativity

333

(6)

Intelligence

339

(24)

The History of Intelligence Testing

341

(3)

Principles of Psychological Tests

344

(2)

Extremes of Intelligence

346

(3)

Kinds of Intelligence

349

(3)

Misuse of Intelligence Tests

352

(1)

Heredity and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence

352

(11)

Developmental Psychology I: Conception Through Childhood

363

(48)

Basic Issues in Developmental Psychology

364

(4)

Nature and Nurture

364

(2)

Research Methods

366

(2)

Development From Conception of Birth

368

(11)

Heredity

369

(3)

Prenatal Development

372

(4)

Birth

376

(3)

Development in Infancy

379

(6)

Sensory Abilities

379

(1)

How Newborns Learn

380

(2)

Maturation

382

(3)

Psychosocial Development in Childhood

385

(13)

Temperament

385

(1)

Personality Development

386

(3)

Attachment

389

(3)

The Father's Role

392

(1)

Day Care

393

(1)

Parenting Styles

394

(4)

Cognitive Development in Childhood

398

(5)

Piaget's Theory

398

(5)

Language

403

(8)

Language Development

403

(2)

Moral Development

405

(6)

Developmental Psychology II: Adolescence Through Old Age

411

(38)

Physical Changes

412

(7)

Adolescence

413

(1)

Early Adulthood

414

(1)

Middle Adulthood

414

(1)

Late Adulthood

415

(4)

Intellectual Changes

419

(8)

Adolescence

419

(1)

Early Adulthood

420

(2)

Middle Adulthood

422

(1)

Late Adulthood

423

(1)

Schaie's Stages of Thought and Cognition

424

(3)

Personality and Social Changes

427

(11)

Adolescence

427

(3)

Early Adulthood

430

(3)

Middle Adulthood

433

(2)

Late Adulthood

435

(3)

Death, Dying, and Bereavement

438

(4)

Attitudes Toward Death

438

(1)

Confronting Death

439

(1)

Bereavement, Grief, and Support

440

(2)

Highlighting Cultural Views and Practices

442

(7)

Birthing and Parenting Practices

442

(1)

Intelligence

443

(1)

Educational Achievement

444

(1)

Aging

445

(4)

Sex and Gender

449

(42)

Sex and Gender: An Introduction

450

(16)

The Biology of Sex

451

(3)

The Hormonal Basis of Sex

454

(2)

The Development of Gender Roles

456

(3)

Gender Stereotyping

459

(7)

Similarities and Differences between Males and Females

466

(7)

Biological Differences

466

(1)

Early Analyses of Sex Differences

467

(1)

The Cognitive Realm

468

(2)

The Social Realm

470

(3)

Social Issues

473

(18)

Education

474

(3)

Work and Careers

477

(10)

Family Responsibilities

487

(4)

Personality

491

(40)

Analyzing Personality

492

(13)

Defining Personality

492

(1)

Personality Tests

493

(5)

Traits Approaches

498

(4)

Is Behavior Consistent?

502

(3)

Biological Factors in Personality

505

(7)

Early Biological Approaches

506

(2)

Twin Studies

508

(4)

The Psychodynamic Perspective

512

(9)

Basic Concepts

513

(1)

The Structure of the Mind

514

(1)

Defense Mechanisms

515

(1)

Stages of Psychosexual Development

516

(2)

Freud in Perspective

518

(3)

The Social-Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives

521

(10)

Learning and Cognitive Perspectives

521

(3)

The Humanistic Perspective

524

(7)

Psychological Disorders

531

(48)

Abnormal Behavior

532

(5)

Criteria of Abnormality

532

(1)

A Working Definition

533

(1)

The Concept of Insanity

534

(1)

Models of Abnormal Behavior

535

(2)

Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders

537

(5)

DSM-IV

538

(1)

The Labeling Issue

538

(1)

The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders

539

(3)

Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders

542

(11)

Anxiety Disorders

543

(5)

Somatoform Disorders

548

(2)

Dissociative Disorders

550

(3)

Mood Disorders

553

(10)

Depression

553

(5)

Bipolar Disorder

558

(1)

Causes of Mood Disorders

559

(4)

Schizophrenia

563

(8)

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

564

(1)

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

565

(1)

Causes of Schizophrenia

566

(5)

Personality and Sexual Disorders

571

(8)

Personality Disorders

572

(2)

Sexual Disorders

574

(5)

Therapy

579

(46)

Therapy through the Ages

580

(7)

The History of Therapy

580

(4)

Therapy and Therapists

584

(3)

Psychologically Based Therapies

587

(19)

Psychoanalytic Therapy

588

(2)

Humanistic Therapies

590

(1)

Cognitive Therapies

591

(5)

Behavior Therapies

596

(6)

Group Therapies

602

(2)

Self-Help

604

(2)

The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

606

(7)

Eysenck's Challenge

606

(1)

Characteristics of Effective Psychotherapy

607

(1)

Changing Psychotherapy to Meet the Needs of Diversity

608

(2)

When to Begin Psychotherapy and What to Expect

610

(3)

Biomedical Therapies

613

(12)

Drug Therapy

613

(6)

Electroconvulsive Therapy

619

(1)

Psychosurgery

620

(5)

Health Psychology

625

(44)

Health Psychology: An Overview

626

(1)

Stress and Illness

627

(11)

The General Adaptation Syndrome

628

(3)

Sources of Stress

631

(4)

What Makes Events Stressful?

635

(1)

How Stress and Disease May Be Related

636

(2)

Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk

638

(19)

Smoking

638

(3)

Heart Disease

641

(5)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

646

(3)

Nutrition and Eating

649

(8)

Coping with Stress

657

(12)

Psychological Moderators of Stress

657

(4)

Ways of Reducing Arousal: Relaxation and Physical Activity

661

(8)

Social Psychology: The Individual in Society

669

(48)

Social Psychology and Culture

670

(1)

How We View Others and Their Behavior

671

(12)

Impression Formation

671

(3)

Social Judgements: Attributing Causes to Behavior

674

(4)

Attitudes

678

(5)

Interpersonal Relations

683

(11)

Attraction

683

(1)

Friendship

684

(1)

Love

685

(2)

Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others

687

(2)

Aggression

689

(5)

Social Influences on Behavior

694

(11)

Persuasion

694

(6)

Obedience

700

(2)

Conformity and Compliance

702

(3)

The Individual as Part of a Social Group

705

(12)

Social Facilitation

705

(1)

Social Loafing

706

(1)

Audiences and Coactors

706

(2)

Group Interactions and Group Decisions

708

(1)

Prejudice and Discrimination

709

(8)

Industrial and Organizational Psychology

717

(17)

Industrial and Organizational Psychology

718

(1)

Personnel Psychology

718

(6)

Using Personality Tests in Selecting Police Officers

721

(1)

Training

722

(1)

Performance Appraisal

723

(1)

Organizational Psychology

724

(3)

Motivation

725

(1)

Job Satisfaction

726

(1)

Human Factors Psychology

727

(7)

Human-Machine System

727

(1)

Workplace Design

728

(2)

Safety

730

(4)

Appendix

734

(17)

References

751

(29)

Credits

780

(6)

Glossary and Index

786

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Psychology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials