Psychology

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ISBN: 9780268015572 | 0268015570
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/1/1985

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Condensed and reworked from James's monumental "Principles of Psychology," this classic text examines habit; stream of consciousness; self and the sense of personal identity; discrimination and association; the sense of time; memory; perception; imagination; reasoning; emotions, instincts; the will and voluntary acts; and much more. This edition omits the outdated first nine chapters.

Prefatory Note

Introduction

xiii

Gordon Allport

Introductory (Original Chapter 1)

xxv

Habit

(17)

Its importance, and its physical basis

(2)

Due to pathways formed in the centers

(2)

Its practical uses

(2)

Concatenated acts

(1)

Necessity for guiding sensations in secondarily automatic performances

(1)

Pedagogical maxims concerning the formation of habits

(9)

The Stream of Consciousness

(25)

Analytic order of our study

(1)

Every state of mind forms part of a personal consciousness

(2)

The same state of mind is never had twice

(2)

Permanently recurring ideas are a fiction

(1)

Every personal consciousness is continuous

(3)

Substantive and transitive states

(3)

Every object appears with a 'fringe' of relations

(4)

The 'topic' of the thought

(1)

Thought may be rational in any sort of imagery

(2)

Consciousness is always especially interested in some one part of its object

(6)

The Self

(41)

The Me and the I

(1)

The material Me

(2)

The social Me

(1)

The spiritual Me

(1)

Self-appreciation

(4)

Self-seeking, bodily, social and spiritual

(2)

Rivalry of the Mes

(4)

Their hierarchy

(3)

Teleology of self-interest

(2)

The I, or 'pure ego,'

(1)

Thoughts are not compounded of 'fused' sensations

(4)

The 'soul' as a combining medium

(1)

The sense of personal identity

(2)

Explained by identity of function in successive passing thoughts

(2)

Mutations of the self

(2)

Insane delusions

(3)

Alternating personalities

(2)

Mediumships or possessions

(3)

Who is the Thinker

(2)

Attention

(22)

The narrowness of the field of consciousness

(1)

Dispersed attention

(1)

To how much can we attend at once?

(1)

The varieties of attention

(4)

Voluntary attention, its momentary character

(2)

To keep out attention, an object must change

(1)

Genius and attention

(1)

Attention's physiological conditions

(1)

The sense-organ must be adapted

(3)

The idea of the object must be aroused

(4)

Pedagogic remarks

103

(1)

Attention and free-will

104

(2)

Conception

106

(5)

Different states of mind can mean the same

106

(1)

Conceptions of abstract, of universal, and of problematic objects

107

(3)

The thought of 'the same' is not the same thought over again

110

(1)

Discrimination

111

(9)

Discrimination and association; definition of discrimination

111

(1)

Conditions which favor it

112

(1)

The sensation of difference

113

(2)

Differences inferred

115

(1)

The analysis of compound objects

115

(2)

To be easily singled out, a quality should already be separately known

117

(1)

Dissociation by varying concomitants

118

(1)

Practice improves discrimination

119

(1)

Association

120

(27)

The order of our ideas

120

(2)

It is determined by cerebral laws

122

(1)

The ultimate cause of association is habit

123

(1)

The elementary law in association

124

(1)

Indeterminateness of its results

125

(1)

Total recall

126

(2)

Partial recall, and the law of interest

128

(3)

Frequency, recency, vividness, and emotional congruity tend to determine the object recalled

131

(3)

Focalized recall, or 'association by similarity

134

(4)

Voluntary trains of thought

138

(2)

The solution of problems

140

(4)

Similarity no elementary law; summary and conclusion

144

(3)

The Sense of Time

147

(7)

The sensible present has duration

147

(1)

We have no sense for absolutely empty time

148

(2)

We measure duration by the events which succeed in it

150

(2)

The feeling of past time is a present feeling

152

(1)

Due to a constant cerebral condition

153

(1)

Memory

154

(15)

What It is

154

(2)

It involves both retention and recall

156

(1)

Both elements explained by paths formed by habit in the brain

157

(2)

Two conditions of a good memory, persistence and numerousness of paths

159

(3)

Cramming

162

(1)

One's native retentiveness is unchangeable

163

(2)

Improvement of the memory

165

(1)

Recognition

166

(1)

Forgetting

167

(1)

Pathological conditions

168

(1)

Imagination

169

(10)

What it is

169

(1)

Imaginations differ from man to man; Galton's statistics of visual imagery

170

(3)

Images of sounds

173

(1)

Images of movement

174

(1)

Images of touch

175

(1)

Loss of images in aphasia

176

(1)

The neural process in imagination

177

(2)

Perception

179

(23)

Perception and sensation compared

179

(1)

The perceptive state of mind is not a compound

180

(3)

Perception is of definite things

183

(1)

Illusions

184

(1)

First type: inference of the more usual object

185

(3)

Second type: inference of the object of which our mind is full

188

(5)

'Apperception,'

193

(1)

Genius and old-fogyism

194

(2)

The physiological process in perception

196

(1)

Hallucinations

197

(5)

The Perception of Space

202

(16)

The attribute of extensity belongs to all objects of sensation

202

(2)

The construction of real space

204

(1)

The processes which it involves: 1) Subdivision

205

(1)

Coalescence of different sensible data into one 'thing,'

206

(1)

Location in an environment

207

(1)

Place in a series of positions

208

(1)

Measurement

209

(3)

Objects which are signs, and objects which are realities

212

(1)

The 'third dimension,' Berkeley's theory of distance

213

(3)

The part played by the intellect in space-perception

216

(2)

Reasoning

218

(19)

What It is

218

(2)

It involves the use of abstract character

220

(1)

What is meant by an 'essential' character

221

(4)

The 'essence' varies with the subjective interest

225

(2)

The two great points in reasoning, 'sagacity' and 'wisdom,'

227

(2)

Sagacity

229

(2)

The help given by association by similarity

231

(3)

The reasoning powers of brutes

234

(3)

Consciousness and Movement

237

(3)

All consciousness is motor

237

(2)

Three classes of movement to which it leads

239

(1)

Emotion

240

(18)

Emotions compared with instincts

240

(1)

The varieties of emotion are innumerable

241

(1)

The cause of their varieties

242

(1)

The feeling in the coarser emotions, results from the bodily expression

242

(5)

This view must not be called materialistic

247

(1)

This view explains the great variability of emotion

248

(1)

A corollary varified

249

(1)

An objection replied to

250

(1)

The subtler emotions

251

(1)

Description of fear

252

(1)

Genesis of the emotional reactions

253

(5)

Instinct

258

(24)

Its definition

258

(1)

Every instinct is an impulse

259

(3)

Instincts are not always blind or invariable

262

(3)

Two principles of non-uniformity

265

(8)

Enumeration of instincts in man

273

(1)

Description of fear

274

(8)

Will

282

(46)

Voluntary acts

282

(1)

They are secondary performances

282

(3)

No third kind of idea is called for

285

(2)

The motor-cue

287

(2)

Ideo-motor action

289

(6)

Action after deliberation

295

(1)

Five chief types of decision

296

(5)

The feeling of effort

301

(1)

Healthiness of will

302

(1)

Unhealthiness of will

303

(1)

The explosive will: (1) from defective inhibition

304

(2)

(2) from exaggerated impulsion

306

(2)

The obstructed will

308

(1)

Effort feels like an original force

309

(2)

Pleasure and pain as springs of action

311

(4)

What holds attention determines action

315

(1)

Will is a relation between the mind and its 'ideas,'

316

(1)

Volitional effort is effort of attention

317

(5)

The question of free-will

322

(3)

Ethical importance of the phenomenon of effort

325

(3)

EPILOGUE Psychology and Philosophy

328

(6)

What the word metaphysics means

328

(1)

Relation of consciousness to the brain

329

(2)

The relation of states of mind to their 'Objects,'

331

(2)

The changing character of consciousness

333

(1)

States of consciousness themselves are not verifiable facts

334

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Psychology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials