Psychology Applied to Modern Life Adjustment at the Turn of the Century
, by Weiten, Wayne; Lloyd, Margaret A.- ISBN: 9780534355531 | 0534355536
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 12/7/1999
The Dynamics of Adjustment | |
Adjusting to Modern Life | p. 1 |
The Paradox of Progress | p. 1 |
The Search for Direction | p. 3 |
The Codependency Movement | |
Self-Help Books | |
The Approach of This Textbook | |
The Psychology of Adjustment | p. 11 |
What Is Psychology? | |
What Is Adjustment? | |
The Scientific Approach To Behavior | p. 12 |
The Commitment to Empiricism | |
Advantages of the Scientific Approach | |
Experimental Research: Looking for Causes | |
Correlational Research: Looking for Links | |
The Roots of Happiness: An Empirical Analysis | p. 17 |
What Isn't Very Important? | |
What Is Somewhat Important? | |
What Is Very Important? | |
Conclusions | |
Application: Improving Academic Performance | p. 22 |
Developing Sound Study Habits | |
Improving Your Reading | |
Getting More Out of Lectures | |
Applying Memory Principles | |
Chapter 1 Review | p. 28 |
Practice Test | p. 29 |
Theories of Personality | p. 30 |
The Nature of Personality | p. 31 |
What Is Personality? | |
What Are Personality Traits? | |
Psychodynamic Perspectives | p. 32 |
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory | |
Jung's Analytical Psychology | |
Adler's Individual Psychology | |
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives | |
Behavioral Perspectives | p. 40 |
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning | |
Skinner's Operant Conditioning | |
Bandura and Social Learning Theory | |
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives | |
Humanistic Perspectives | p. 47 |
Rogers's Person-Centered Theory | |
Maslow's Theory of Self-Actualization | |
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives | |
Biological Perspectives | p. 51 |
Eysenck's Theory | |
Recent Research in Behavioral Genetics | |
The Evolutionary Approach to Personality | |
Evaluating Biological Perspectives | |
An Epilogue on Theoretical Diversity | p. 54 |
Application: Assessing Your Personality | p. 56 |
Key Concepts in Psychological Testing | |
Self-Report Inventories | |
Projective Tests | |
Chapter 2 Review | p. 60 |
Practice Test | p. 61 |
Stress and Its Effects | p. 62 |
The Nature of Stress | p. 63 |
Stress Is an Everyday Event | |
Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder | |
Stress May Be Embedded in the Environment | |
Stress May Be Self-Imposed | |
Major Types of Stress | p. 66 |
Frustration | |
Conflict | |
Change | |
Pressure | |
Key Factors in the Appraisal of Stress | p. 71 |
Familiarity | |
Controllability | |
Predictability | |
Imminence | |
Responding to Stress | p. 72 |
Emotional Responses | |
Physiological Responses | |
Behavioral Responses | |
The Potential Effects of Stress | p. 78 |
Impaired Task Performance | |
Disruption of Cognitive Functioning | |
Burnout | |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorders | |
Psychological Problems and Disorders | |
Physical Illness | |
Beneficial Effects | |
Factors Influencing Stress Tolerance | p. 82 |
Social Support | |
Hardiness | |
Optimism and Conscientiousness | |
Sensation Seeking | |
Autonomic Reactivity | |
Application: Monitoring Your Stress | p. 88 |
Problems with the SRRS | |
The Life Experiences Survey | |
A Cautionary Note | |
Chapter 3 Review | p. 94 |
Practice Test | p. 95 |
Coping Processes | p. 96 |
The Concept of Coping | p. 97 |
Common Coping Patterns of Limited Value | p. 98 |
Giving Up | |
Striking Out at Others | |
Indulging Yourself | |
Blaming Yourself | |
Using Defensive Coping | |
The Nature of Constructive Coping | p. 104 |
Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping | p. 106 |
Ellis's Rational Thinking | |
Humor as a Stress Reducer | |
Positive Reinterpretation | |
Problem-Focused Constructive Coping | p. 109 |
Using Systematic Problem Solving | |
Seeking Help | |
Using Time More Effectively | |
Improving Self-Control | |
Emotion-Focused Constructive Coping | p. 115 |
Releasing Pent-Up Emotions | |
Distracting Yourself | |
Meditating | |
Using Relaxation Procedures | |
Application: Achieving Self-Control | p. 120 |
Specifying Your Target Behavior | |
Gathering Baseline Data | |
Designing Your Program | |
Executing and Evaluating Your Program | |
Ending Your Program | |
Chapter 4 Review | p. 126 |
Practice Test | p. 127 |
The Interpersonal Realm | |
The Self | p. 128 |
Self-Concept | p. 129 |
The Nature of the Self-Concept | |
Self-Complexity | |
Self-Discrepancies | |
Factors Shaping the Self-Concept | |
Identity | p. 136 |
Development of Identity | |
Identity Statuses | |
Gender, Ethnicity, and Identity | |
Self-Esteem | p. 138 |
The Importance of Self-Esteem | |
Determinants of Self-Esteem | |
Minority Group Membership and Self-Esteem | |
Basic Principles of Self-Perception | p. 143 |
Self-Attributions | |
Attributional Style | |
The Premium on Consistency | |
The Need for Self-Enhancement | |
Self-Regulation | |
Correlates of Self-Efficacy | |
Developing Self-Efficacy | |
Self-Presentation | p. 149 |
Impression Management | |
Self-Monitoring | |
Self-Presentation and Authenticity | |
Application: Building Self-Esteem | p. 153 |
Chapter 5 Review | p. 156 |
Practice Test | p. 157 |
Social Cognition and Social Influence | p. 158 |
Forming Impressions of Others | p. 159 |
Key Sources of Information | |
Snap Judgments Versus Systematic Judgments | |
Attributions | |
Perceiver Expectancies | |
Cognitive Distortions | |
Key Themes in Person Perception | |
The Problem of Prejudice | p. 166 |
"Old-Fashioned" Versus Modern Discrimination | |
Causes of Prejudice | |
Reducing Prejudice | |
The Power of Persuasion | p. 169 |
The Elements of the Persuasion Process | |
The Whys of Persuasion | |
Subliminal Persuasion | |
The Power of Social Pressure | p. 174 |
Conformity and Compliance Pressures | |
Pressure from Authority Figures | |
Fatal Social Influence | |
Culture and Social Influence | |
Application: Seeing Through Compliance Tactics | p. 180 |
The Foot-in-the-Door Technique | |
The Door-in-the-Face Technique | |
Using the Reciprocity Norm | |
The Lowball Technique | |
Reactance and Feigned Scarcity | |
The Power of Modeling | |
Chapter 6 Review | p. 184 |
Practice Test | p. 185 |
Interpersonal Communication | p. 186 |
The Process of Interpersonal Communication | p. 187 |
Components of the Communication Process | |
The Importance of Communication | |
Nonverbal Communication | p. 188 |
General Principles | |
Elements of Nonverbal Communication | |
Detecting Deception | |
The Significance of Nonverbal Communication | |
Toward More Effective Communication | p. 197 |
Creating a Positive Interpersonal Climate | |
Conversational Skills | |
Self-Disclosure | |
Effective Listening | |
Communication Problems | p. 202 |
Communication Apprehension | |
Barriers to Effective Communication | |
Interpersonal Conflict | p. 204 |
Beliefs About Conflict | |
Types of Conflict | |
Styles of Managing Conflict | |
Dealing Constructively with Conflict | |
Public Communication in an Adversarial Culture | |
Application: Developing an Assertive Communication Style | p. 210 |
The Nature of Assertiveness | |
Steps in Assertiveness Training | |
Chapter 7 Review | p. 214 |
Practice Test | p. 215 |
Friendship and Love | p. 216 |
Perspectives on Close Relationships | p. 217 |
The Ingredients of Close Relationships | |
Culture and Relationships | |
Initial Attraction and Relationship Development | p. 218 |
Initial Encounters | |
Getting Acquainted | |
Relationship Satisfaction and Commitment | |
Friendship | p. 226 |
What Makes a Good Friend? | |
Gender Differences in Friendship | |
Romantic Love | p. 228 |
Myths About Love | |
Sexual Orientation and Love | |
Gender Differences Regarding Love | |
Theories of Love | |
The Course of Romantic Love | |
Loneliness | p. 235 |
Prevalence and Consequences of Loneliness | |
The Roots of Loneliness | |
Coping with Loneliness | |
Application: Understanding Date Rape | p. 239 |
Incidence of Rape | |
Consequences of Rape | |
Factors Contributing to Date Rape | |
Reducing the Incidence of Date Rape | |
Chapter 8 Review | p. 244 |
Practice Test | p. 245 |
Marriage and Intimate Relationships | p. 246 |
Challenges to the Traditional Model of Marriage | p. 247 |
Moving Toward Marriage | p. 249 |
The Motivation to Marry | |
Selecting a Mate | |
Predictors of Marital Success | |
Marital Adjustiment Across the Family Life Cycle | p. 252 |
Between Families: The Unattached Young Adult | |
Joining Together: The Newly Married Couple | |
Family with Young Children | |
Family with Adolescent Children | |
Launching Children into the Adult World | |
The Family in Later Life | |
Vulnerable Areas in Marital Adjustment | p. 256 |
Gaps in Role Expectations | |
Work and Career Issues | |
Financial Difficulties | |
Inadequate Communication | |
Divorce | p. 262 |
Increasing Rate of Divorce | |
Deciding on a Divorce | |
Adjusting to Divorce | |
Remarriage | |
Alternatives to Marriage | p. 266 |
Remaining Single | |
Cohabitation | |
Gay Relationships | |
Application: Understanding Intimate Violence | p. 272 |
Partner Abuse | |
Child Abuse | |
Child Sexual Abuse | |
Chapter 9 Review | p. 276 |
Practice Test | p. 277 |
Developmental Transitions | |
Gender and Behavior | p. 278 |
Gender Stereotypes | p. 279 |
Gender Similarities and Differences | p. 281 |
Cognitive Abilities | |
Personality Traits and Social Behavior | |
Psychological Disorders | |
Putting Gender Differences in Perspective | |
Biological Origins of Gender Differences | p. 285 |
Evolutionary Explanations | |
Brain Organization | |
Hormonal Influences | |
Environmental Origins of Gender Differences | p. 288 |
Processes in Gender-Role Socialization | |
Sources of Gender-Role Socialization | |
Traditional Gender Roles | p. 292 |
Role Expectations for Males | |
Problems with the Male Role | |
Role Expectations for Females | |
Problems with the Female Role | |
Sexism: A Special Problem for Females | |
Gender in the Past and in the Future | p. 298 |
Why Are Gender Roles Changing? | p. 298 |
Alternatives to Traditional Gender Roles | |
A Gender-Free Society? | |
Application: Bridging the Gender Gap in Communication | p. 302 |
The Clash of Two "Cultures" | |
Instrumental and Expressive Styles | |
Common Mixed-Gender Communication Problems | |
Toward a "Shared Language" | |
Chapter 10 Review | p. 306 |
Practice Test | p. 307 |
Development in Adolescence and Adulthood | p. 308 |
The Transition of Adolescence | p. 309 |
Physical Changes | |
Cognitive Changes | |
Personality Changes | |
Adolescent Suicide | |
The Expanse of Adulthood | p. 315 |
Erikson's View of Adult Development | |
Early Adulthood (From About Age 20 to 40) | |
Middle Adulthood (From About Age 40 to 65) | |
Late Adulthood (After Age 65) | |
Aging: A Gradual Process | p. 320 |
Physical Changes | |
Cognitive Changes | |
Personality Changes | |
Death and Dying | p. 326 |
Attitudes About Death | |
The Process of Dying | |
Bereavement and Grieving | |
Application: Becoming an Effective Parent | p. 329 |
Maternal Behavior and Infant-Mother Attachment | |
Day Care and Attachment | |
Dimensions of Child-Rearing | |
Effects of Parenting Styles | |
Rearing Adolescents | |
Toward Effective Parenting | |
Using Punishment Effectively | |
Chapter 11 Review | p. 334 |
Practice Test | p. 335 |
Careers and Work | p. 336 |
Choosing A Career | p. 337 |
Examining Family Influences and Personal Characteristics | |
Researching Job Characteristics | |
Using Psychological Tests for Career Decisions | |
Taking Important Considerations into Account | |
Models of Career Choice and Development | p. 341 |
Holland's Trait Measurement and Matching Model | |
Super's Developmental Model | |
Women's Career Development | |
The Changing World of Work | p. 345 |
Workplace Trends | |
Education and Earnings | |
The Changing Workforce | |
Coping with Occupational Hazards | p. 349 |
Job Stress | |
Sexual Harassment | |
Unemployment | |
Balancing Work and Other Spheres of Life | p. 356 |
Leisure and Recreation | |
Workaholism | |
Multiple Roles | |
Application: Getting Ahead in the Job Game | p. 360 |
Putting Together a Resume | |
Finding Companies You Want to Work For | |
Landing an Interview | |
Polishing Your Interview Technique | |
Chapter 12 Review | p. 364 |
Practice Test | p. 365 |
Development and Expression of Sexuality | p. 366 |
Becoming A Sexual Person | p. 367 |
Key Aspects of Sexual Identity | |
Physiological Influences | |
Psychosocial Influences | |
Gender Differences in Sexual Socialization | |
Sexual Orientation | |
Interaction in Sexual Relationships | p. 375 |
Motives Underlying Sexual Interactions | |
Communicating About Sex | |
The Human Sexual Response | p. 377 |
The Sexual Response Cycle | |
Gender Differences in Patterns of Orgasm | |
Sexual Expression | p. 380 |
Fantasy | |
Kissing and Touching | |
Self-Stimulation | |
Oral and Anal Sex | |
Intercourse | |
Patterns of Sexual Behavior | p. 382 |
Sex in the Age of AIDS | |
"Premarital" Sex | |
Sex in Committed Relationships | |
Infidelity in Committed Relationships | |
Practical Issues in Sexual Activity | p. 386 |
Contraception | |
Sexually Transmitted Diseases | |
Application: Enhancing Sexual Relationships | p. 392 |
General Suggestions | |
Understanding Sexual Dysfunction | |
Coping with Specific Problems | |
Chapter 13 Review | p. 396 |
Practice Test | p. 397 |
Mental and Physical Health | |
Psychology and Physical Health | p. 398 |
Stress, Personality, and Illness | p. 400 |
Type A Personality, Emotions, and Heart Disease | |
Stress and Cancer | |
Stress and Other Diseases | |
Stress and Immune Functioning | |
Conclusions | |
Habits, Lifestyles, and Health | p. 406 |
Smoking | |
Drinking | |
Overeating | |
Poor Nutrition | |
Lack of Exercise | |
Behavior and AIDS | |
Reactions to Illness | p. 420 |
The Decision to Seek Treatment | |
The Sick Role | |
Communicating with Health Providers | |
Adherence to Medical Advice | |
Application: Understanding the Effects of Drugs | p. 422 |
Drug-Related Concepts | |
Narcotics | |
Sedatives | |
Stimulants | |
Hallucinogens | |
Marijuana | |
Designer Drugs | |
Chapter 14 Review | p. 428 |
Practice Test | p. 429 |
Psychological Disorders | p. 430 |
Abnormal Behavior: Myths, Realities, and Controversies | p. 431 |
The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behavior | |
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior | |
Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders | |
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders | |
Anxiety Disorders | p. 437 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | |
Phobic Disorder | |
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia | |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | |
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders | |
Somatoform Disorders | p. 441 |
Somatization Disorder | |
Conversion Disorder | |
Hypochondriasis | |
Etiology of Somatoform Disorders | |
Dissociative Disorders | p. 443 |
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue | |
Multiple-Personality Disorder | |
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders | |
Mood Disorders | p. 445 |
Depressive Disorder | |
Bipolar Disorder | |
Etiology of Mood Disorders | |
Schizophrenic Disorders | p. 450 |
General Symptoms | |
Subtypes | |
Course and Outcome | |
Etiology of Schizophrenia | |
Application: Understanding Eating Disorders | p. 457 |
Anorexia Nervosa | |
Bulimia Nervosa | |
History and Prevalence | |
Etiology of Eating Disorders | |
Course and Outcome | |
Chapter 15 Review | p. 462 |
Practice Test | p. 463 |
Psychotherapy | p. 464 |
The Elements of Psychotherapy: Treatments, Clients, and Therapists | p. 465 |
Treatments: How Many Types Are There? | |
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy? | |
Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment? | |
Insight Therapies | p. 469 |
Psychoanalysis | |
Client-Centered Therapy | |
Cognitive Therapy | |
Group Therapy | |
Evaluating Insight Therapies | |
Therapy and the Recovered Memories Controversy | |
Behavior Therapies | p. 478 |
General Principles | |
Systematic Desensitization | |
Aversion Therapy | |
Social Skills Training | |
Evaluating Behavior Therapies | |
Biomedical Therapies | p. 482 |
Treatment with Drugs | |
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | |
Blending Approaches to Psychotherapy | p. 486 |
Application: Looking for a Therapist | p. 488 |
When Should You Seek Professional Treatment? | |
Where Do You Find Therapeutic Services? | |
Is the Therapist's Profession Important? | |
Is the Therapist's Gender Important? | |
Is Therapy Always Expensive? | |
Is the Therapist's Theoretical Approach Important? | |
What Should You Look for in a Prospective Therapist? | |
What If There Isn't Any Progress? | |
What Is Therapy Like? | |
Chapter 16 Review | p. 492 |
Practice Test | p. 493 |
URLs for Recommended Web sites | p. 495 |
Glossary | p. 499 |
References | p. 505 |
Credits | p. 553 |
Name Index | p. 559 |
Subject Index | p. 571 |
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