Psychology : The Brain, the Person, the World

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ISBN: 9780205274659 | 020527465X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/1/2000

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To be the most comprehensive neuroscience introductory psychology book, every chapter contains much new research and cutting-edge coverage, all accessibly presented with engaging real-world examples that make the material relevant and interesting to students.

Preface

About The Authors

xxvi

Using Psychology To Learn Psychology

(1)

Organization, Organization, Organization

(1)

Connections Across Topics

(1)

Learning Without Straining

(1)

Illustrations: Showing And Telling

(2)

In Sum...

(2)

The Science Of Psychology Yesterday and Today

(38)

Psychological Science: Getting To Know You

(5)

What Is Psychology?

(1)

Levels of Analysis: The Complete Psychology

(2)

Looking at Levels: Drought Among the Maasai

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

Psychology Then And Now

(12)

The Evolution of a Science

(7)

The Psychological Way: What Today's Psychologists Do

(4)

Looking at Levels: A Science of the Obvious?

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

The Science of Psychology: Designed To Be Valid

(13)

The Scientific Method

(2)

The Psychologist's Toolbox: Techniques for Scientific Research

(5)

Be a Critical Consumer of Psychology

(3)

Looking at Levels: Who Catches Colds?

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

Ethics: Doing It Right

(3)

Ethics in Research

(1)

Ethics in Clinical Practice

(2)

Looking at Levels: Gambling With a Mind

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

(3)

The Brain The Psychological Organ

(44)

Brain Circuits: Making Connections

(7)

The Neuron: A Powerful Computer

(4)

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Bridging the Gap

(2)

Looking at Levels: Parkinson's Disease

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

Structure And Function: An Orchestra With Many Members

(18)

Overview: The Wonderful Wet Machine

(6)

The Cerebral Cortex: The Seat of the Mind

(3)

The Dual Brain: Thinking With Both Barrels

(2)

Beneath the Cortex: The Inner Brain

(4)

The Neuroendocrine System: It's Hormonal

(1)

The Immune System: A Healthy Brain in a Healthy Body

(1)

Looking at Levels: Brain Damage and Divorce

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

Probing The Brain

(6)

The Damaged Brain: What's Missing?

(1)

Recording Techniques: The Music of the Cells

(2)

Stimulation: Tickling the Neurons

(1)

Neuroimaging: Picturing the Living Brain

(2)

Looking at Levels: The Musical Brain

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

Genes, Brain, And Environment: The Brain In The World

(8)

Genes as Blueprints: Born to Be Wild?

(4)

Behavioral Genetics

(1)

Evolution and the Brain: The Best of All Possible Brains?

(2)

Looking at Levels: Alcoholism, Muslims, and Mormons

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

(3)

Sensation And Perception How the World Enters the Mind

(40)

Sensing And Selecting: Opening Up To The World

(6)

Sensation and Perception: Being in the World

(2)

Psychophysics: A World of Experience

(1)

Attention: The Gateway to Awareness

(2)

Looking at Levels: Romantic Interludes

(1)

Consolidate!

(1)

Vision

(17)

Early Vision: It's Sensational!

(6)

Intermediate Vision: Organizing the World

103

(5)

Late Vision: Recognition and Identification

108

(3)

Looking at Levels: The Importance of Body Parts in Physical Beauty

111

(1)

Consolidate!

112

(1)

Hearing

113

(6)

Early Audition: If a Tree Falls but Nobody Hears It, Is There a Sound?

113

(3)

Intermediate Hearing: Organizing the Auditory World

116

(1)

Late Audition: Recognition and Identification

117

(2)

Looking at Levels: Beethoven, the Deaf Composer

119

(1)

Consolidate!

119

(1)

Sensing In Other Ways

119

(6)

Smell: A Nose for News?

120

(1)

Pheromones: Another Kind of Scents?

121

(1)

Taste: The Mouth Has It

121

(1)

Somesthetic Senses: Not Just Skin Deep

122

(1)

Magnetic Sense: Only for the Birds?

123

(1)

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

124

(1)

Looking at Levels: Is Body Odor a Problem?

124

(1)

Consolidate!

125

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

125

(3)

Consciousness

128

(36)

To Sleep, Perchance To Dream

131

(12)

Stages of Sleep: Working Through the Night

132

(2)

Dream On

134

(2)

The Brain Asleep

136

(2)

Sleep Deprivation: Is Less Just as Good?

138

(1)

Troubled Sleep

139

(3)

Looking at Levels: Recovery From Jet Lag

142

(1)

Consolidate!

142

(1)

Hypnosis

143

(5)

What Is Hypnosis?

143

(2)

Individual Differences: Who Is Hypnotizable?

145

(1)

Hypnosis: Role Play or Brain State?

145

(1)

Hypnosis as a Tool: Practical Applications

146

(1)

Looking at Levels: Hypnosis as Trance Possession

147

(1)

Consolidate!

148

(1)

Meditation

148

(3)

Types of Meditation

148

(1)

Meditation and the Body: More Than a Pause That Refreshes

149

(1)

Looking at Levels: Meditation on Retreat

150

(1)

Consolidate!

151

(1)

Drugs And Alcohol

151

(10)

Substance Use and Abuse

152

(1)

Depressants: Focus on Alcohol

153

(5)

Stimulants: Focus on Cocaine

158

(1)

Narcotic Analgesics: Focus on Heroin

159

(1)

Hallucinogens: Focus on LSD

159

(1)

Looking at Levels: Princess Diana's Death

160

(1)

Consolidate!

161

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

161

(3)

Learning

164

(34)

Classical Conditioning

167

(9)

Pavlov's Experiments

167

(1)

Classical Conditioning: How It Works

168

Classical conditioning Applied

162

(13)

Looking at Levels: Sick at the Thought of Chemotherapy

175

(1)

Consolidate!

176

(1)

Operant Conditioning

176

(13)

The Roots of Operant Conditioning: Its Discovery and How It Works

177

(1)

Principle of Operant Conditioning

178

(4)

Beyond Basic Reinforcement

182

(4)

The Learning Brain

186

(2)

Looking at Levels: Cornering the Professor

188

(1)

Consolidate!

189

(1)

Cognitive and Social Learning

189

(7)

Cognitive Learning

190

(1)

Insight Learning: Seeing the Connection

191

(1)

Observational Learning: To See Is to Know

191

(2)

Learning From Models

193

(2)

Looking at Levels: Mom and Dad on Drugs

195

(1)

Consolidate!

196

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

196

(2)

Memory Living With Yesterday

198

(36)

Memory: A Many-Splendored Thing

200

(10)

Storing Information: Time and Space Are of the Essence

200

(5)

Types of Long-Term Memories: The Multimedia Brain

205

(3)

Foundations of Memory: Neurons and Genes

208

(1)

Looking at Levels: Stressed Memories

209

(1)

Consolidate!

210

(1)

Encoding And Retrieving Information From Memory

210

(10)

Making Memories

210

(5)

The Act of Remembering: Reconstructing Buried Cities

215

(4)

Looking at Levels: Memory in Tribal Africa

219

(1)

Consolidate!

220

(1)

Fact, Fiction, And Forgetting: When Memory Goes Wrong

220

(7)

False Memories

221

(2)

Forgetting: Many Ways to Lose It

223

(1)

Amnesia: Not Just Forgetting to Remember

224

(1)

Repressed Memories: Real or Imagined?

225

(1)

Looking at Levels: False Truths

226

(1)

Consolidate!

227

(1)

Improving Memory: Tricks And Tools

227

(4)

Storing Information Effectively: A Bag of Mnemonic Tricks

227

(1)

Improving Memory Retrieval

228

(2)

Looking at Levels: Hypnosis and Memory

230

(1)

Consolidate!

231

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

231

(3)

Language And Thinking

234

(38)

Language: More Than Meets The Ear

236

(12)

The Essentials: What Makes Language Language?

236

(5)

Language Development: Out of the Mouths of Babes

241

(3)

Other Ways to Communicate: Are They Language?

244

(2)

Bilingualism: A Window of Opportunity?

246

(1)

Looking at Levels: Is There a Language Gene?

246

(1)

Consolidate!

247

(1)

Means Of Thought: Words, Images, Concepts

248

(8)

Words: Inner Speech and Spoken Thoughts

248

(1)

Mental Imagery: Perception Without Sensation

249

(3)

Concepts: Neither Images nor Words

252

(3)

Looking at Levels: Prototypes That Lead to Heavy Drinking

255

(1)

Consolidate!

255

(1)

Problem Solving

256

(8)

How to Solve Problems: More Than Inspiration

256

(4)

Expertise: Why Hard Work Pays Off

260

(1)

Artificial Intelligence

261

(1)

Overcoming Obstacles to Problem Solving

262

(1)

Looking at Levels: Groupthink

263

(1)

Consolidate!

264

(1)

Logic, Reasoning, And Decision Making

264

(5)

Are People Logical?

264

(4)

Heuristics and Biases: Cognitive Illusions?

Emotions and Decision Making: Having a Hunch

268

(1)

Looking at Levels: Reasoning Rhythms

268

(1)

Consolidate!

269

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

269

(3)

Types Of Intelligence What Does It Mean to Be Smart?

272

(38)

Is There More Than One Way To Be Smart?

274

(11)

What Is IQ?

274

(4)

Intelligence: One Ability or Many?

278

(5)

Looking at Levels: A Threat in the Air

283

(1)

Consolidate!

284

(1)

What Makes Us Smart: Nature And Nurture

285

(12)

The Machinery of Intelligence

285

(2)

Smart Genes, Smart Environment: A Single System

287

(7)

Group Differences in Intelligence

294

(2)

Looking at Levels: Accidentally Making Kids Smarter

296

(1)

Consolidate!

297

(1)

Rare Intelligence

297

(5)

Mental Retardation: People With Special Needs

297

(3)

The Gifted

300

(1)

Looking at Levels: Which Termites Were Successful?

301

(1)

Consolidate!

301

(1)

Creative Forces

302

(5)

What Is Creativity?

302

(1)

What Makes a Person Creative?

303

(1)

Enhancing Creativity

304

(2)

Looking at Levels: Undermining Creativity

306

(1)

Consolidate!

307

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

307

(3)

Emotion And Motivation Feeling and Striving

310

(38)

Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am

312

(12)

Types of Emotion: What Can You Feel?

312

(3)

What Causes Emotions?

315

(5)

Expressing Emotions: Letting It All Hang Out?

320

(2)

Looking at Levels: Lie Detection

322

(2)

Consolidate!

324

(1)

Motivation And Reward: Feeling Good

324

(9)

Getting Motivated: Sources and Theories of Motivation

325

(3)

Needs and Wants: The Stick and the Carrot

328

(3)

Looking at Levels: Learned Helplessness

331

(2)

Consolidate!

333

(1)

Hunger And Eating: Not Just About Fueling The Body

333

(5)

Eating Behavior: The Hungry Mind in the Hungry Body

333

(3)

Overeating: When Enough Is Not Enough

336

(2)

Looking at Levels: The Starvation Diet

338

(1)

Consolidate!

338

(1)

Sex: Not Just About Having Babies

338

(8)

Sexual Behavior: A Many-Splendored Thing

338

(4)

Sexual Orientation: More Than a Choice

342

(1)

What's Normal?

343

(2)

Looking at Levels: Homophobia

345

(1)

Consolidate!

345

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

346

(2)

Personality Vive la Difference!

348

(38)

What Is Personality?

350

(8)

Personality: Traits or Situations?

350

(3)

Factors of Personality: The Big Five? Three? More?

353

(2)

Measuring Personality: Is Grumpy Really Grumpy?

355

(2)

Looking at Levels: Genes and Personality Dimensions

357

(1)

Consolidate!

358

(1)

The Brain: The Personality Organ

358

(8)

Eysenck's Theory

359

(2)

Temperament: Waxing Hot or Cold

361

(1)

Genes and Personality

362

(2)

Looking at Levels: The Wallflower Personality

364

(1)

Consolidate!

365

(1)

The Person: Beliefs And Behaviors

366

(10)

Freud's Theory: The Dynamic Personality

366

(6)

Humanistic Psychology

372

(1)

The Cognitive View of Personality: You Are What You Expect

373

(2)

Looking at Levels: Rose-Colored Glasses Can Make a Rosy World

375

(1)

Consolidate!

375

(1)

The World: Social Influences On Personality

376

(7)

Birth Order: Are You Number One?

376

(2)

Peer Relationships: Personality Development by Peer Pressure

378

(1)

Gender Differences In Personality: Nature and Nurture

379

(1)

Culture and Personality: Are There National Personalities?

380

(2)

Looking at Levels: Two's Company

382

(1)

Consolidate!

383

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

383

(3)

Psychology Over The Life Span Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser

386

(45)

In The Beginning: From Conception To Birth

388

(8)

Prenatal Development: Nature and Nurture From the Start

388

(5)

The Newborn: A Work in Progress

393

(2)

Looking at Levels: Social Support for Premature Infants

395

(1)

Consolidate!

396

(1)

Infancy And Childhood: Taking Off

396

(16)

Physical and Motor Development: Getting Control

396

(1)

Perceptual and Cognitive Development: Extended Horizons

396

(10)

Social and Emotional Development: The Child in the World

406

(5)

Looking at Levels: Gender Role Development

411

(1)

Consolidate!

412

(1)

Adolescence: Between Two Worlds

412

(5)

Physical Development: In Puberty's Wake

413

(1)

Cognitive Development: Getting It All Together

413

(1)

Social and Emotional Development: New Rules, New Roles

414

(2)

Looking at Levels: Sex and the Teenager

416

(1)

Consolidate!

417

(1)

Adulthood And Aging: The Continuously Changing Self

417

(11)

The Changing Body: What's Inevitable, What's Not

417

(1)

Perception and Cognition in Adulthood: Taking the Good With the Bad

418

(4)

Social and Emotional Development During Adulthood

422

(4)

Death and Dying

426

(1)

Looking at Levels: Keeping the Aging Brain Sharp

427

(1)

Consolidate!

427

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

428

(3)

Stress, Health, And Coping

431

(35)

What Is Stress?

432

(10)

Stress: The Big Picture

432

(1)

The Physiology of Stress: The General Adaptation Syndrome

433

(1)

Sources of Stress

434

(7)

Looking at Levels: The Hostile Heart

441

(1)

Consolidate!

442

(1)

Stress, Disease, And Health

442

(7)

The Immune System: Catching Cold

443

(1)

Cancer

444

(1)

Heart Disease

445

(1)

Changing Health-Impairing Behaviors

445

(3)

Looking at Levels: Breast Cancer Support Groups

448

(1)

Consolidate!

448

(1)

Strategies For Coping

449

(15)

Coping Strategies: Approaches and Tactics

449

(7)

Personality and Coping

456

(3)

Coping and Social Support

459

(1)

Mind-Body Interventions

460

(1)

Gender, Culture, and Coping

461

(1)

Looking at Levels: Voodoo Death

462

(1)

Consolidate!

463

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

464

(2)

Psychological Disorders

466

(46)

Identifying Psychological Disorders: What's Abnormal?

468

(8)

Defining Abnormality

469

(1)

Explaining Abnormality

470

(3)

Categorizing Disorders: Is a Rose Still a Rose by Any Other Name?

473

(2)

Looking at Levels: Did Charles Whitman Have a Psychological Disorder?

475

(1)

Consolidate!

476

(1)

Anxiety And Mood Disorders

476

(15)

Anxiety Disorders

477

(7)

Mood Disorders

484

(6)

Looking at Levels: Depression Is as Depression Does

490

(1)

Consolidate!

490

(1)

Schizophrenia

491

(7)

Symptoms: What Schizophrenia Looks Like

491

(1)

Types of Schizophrenia

492

(1)

Why Does This Happen to Some People, But Not Others?

493

(4)

Looking at Levels: The Genain Quadruplets

497

(1)

Consolidate!

498

(1)

Other Axis I Disorders: Dissociative And Eating Disorders

498

(7)

Dissociative Disorders

499

(2)

Eating Disorders: You Are How You Eat?

501

(3)

Looking at Levels: Binge Eating

504

(1)

Consolidate!

505

(1)

Personality Disorders

505

(4)

Axis II Personality Disorders

506

(1)

Antisocial Personality Disorder

507

(1)

Looking at Levels: Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder

508

(1)

Consolidate!

509

(1)

A Cautionary Note About Diagnosis

509

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

509

(3)

Treatment

512

(40)

Insight-Oriented Therapies

514

(7)

Psychodynamic Therapy: Origins in Psychoanalysis

515

(2)

Humanistic Therapy: The Self in a Mirror

517

(3)

Looking at Levels: The Importance of Expressing Emotions

520

(1)

Consolidate!

521

(1)

Cognitive And Behavior Therapy

521

(10)

Behavior Therapy

522

(4)

Cognitive Therapy: It's the Thought That Counts

526

(3)

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

529

(1)

Looking at Levels: Token Economies

530

(1)

Consolidate!

531

(1)

Other Forms Of Therapy

531

(10)

Prevention: Sometimes Worth More Than a Pound of Cure

532

(1)

Modalities: When Two or More Isn't a Crowd

532

(3)

Biomedical Therapies

535

(3)

Psychotherapy Integration: Mixing and Matching

538

(1)

Psychotherapies of the Future?

538

(2)

Looking at Levels: Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

540

(1)

Consolidate!

541

(1)

Which Therapy Works Best?

541

(9)

Issues in Psychotherapy Research

541

(8)

How to Pick a Psychotherapist

549

(1)

Looking at Levels: How Do You Know Whether Psychotherapy Worked?

550

(1)

Consolidate!

550

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

550

(2)

Social Psychology Meeting of the Minds

552

(40)

Social Cognition: Thinking About People

554

(17)

Making an Impression

555

(1)

Attitudes and Behavior: Feeling and Doing

555

(6)

Stereotypes: Seen One, Seen 'Em All

561

(6)

Attributions: Making Sense of Events

567

(3)

Looking at Levels: Punishing Rapists

570

(1)

Consolidate!

570

(1)

Social Behavior: Interacting With People

571

(19)

Relationships: Having a Date, Having a Partner

572

(4)

Social Organization: Group Rules, Group Roles

576

(3)

Yielding to Others: Going Along With the Group

579

(5)

Performance in Groups: Working Together

584

(2)

Helping Behavior: Helping Others

586

(3)

Looking at Levels: Cults

589

(1)

Consolidate!

590

(1)

A Final Word: Ethics And Social Psychology

590

(1)

A Deeper Level: Recap And Thought Questions

590

(2)

Appendix A: Statistics

592

(13)

Appendix B: How To Read, Critically Evaluate, And Write Research Papers

605

(6)

References

611

(64)

Glossary

675

(20)

Name Index

695

(12)

Subject Index

707

(14)

Credits

721

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Psychology : The Brain, the Person, the World

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials