Psychology and Life

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ISBN: 9780205417995 | 020541799X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/2005

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This classic text emphasizes the science of psychology, with a special focus on applying that science to students' daily lives. Psychology and Life continues to provide a rigorous, research-centered survey of the discipline while offering students special features and learning aids that will spark their interest and excite their imaginations. the seventeenth edition, which has been thoroughly updated to reflect the latest cutting-edge research, features a beautiful new design and an updated art program.

Psychology and Life

(20)

What Makes Psychology Unique?

(4)

Definitions

(1)

The Goals of Psychology

(3)

Psychology In Your Life: Why Study Psychology?

(1)

The Evolution of Modern Psychology

(7)

Psychology's Historical Foundations

(2)

Current Psychological Perspectives

(5)

What Psychologists Do

(2)

Psychology in the 21st Century: The Future is Now

(4)

Research Methods in Psychology

(22)

The Process of Research

(10)

Observer Biases and Operational Definitions

(2)

Experimental Methods: Alternative Explanations and the Need for Controls

(3)

Correlational Methods

(3)

Subliminal Influence?

(1)

Psychological Measurements

(4)

Achieving Reliability and Validity

(1)

Self-Report Measures

(1)

Behavioral Measures and Observations

(3)

Ethical Issues in Human and Animal Research

(2)

Informed Consent

(1)

Risk/Gain Assessment

(1)

Intentional Deception

(1)

Debriefing

(1)

Issues in Animal Research

(1)

Becoming a Wiser Research Consumer

(1)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Psychological Research and the Information Explosion

(3)

Statistical Supplement

(48)

Analyzing the Data

(6)

Descriptive Statistics

(4)

Inferential Statistics

(2)

Becoming a Wise Consumer of Statistics

(2)

The Biological and Evolutionary Bases of Behavior

(38)

Heredity and Behavior

(6)

Evolution and Natural Selection

(4)

Variation in the Human Genotype

(2)

Biology and Behavior

(17)

Eavesdropping on the Brain

(3)

The Nervous System

(2)

Brain Structures and Their Functions

(6)

Hemispheric Lateralization

(3)

The Endocrine System

(2)

The Nervous System in Action

(4)

The Neuron

(2)

Action Potentials

(3)

Synaptic Transmission

(1)

Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

(3)

Plasticity and Neurogenesis: Our Changing Brains

Psychology in the 21st Century: Unlocking the ``Locked-in'' Brain

(3)

Psychology in Your Life: How Does Music Have an Impact on How You Feel?

(6)

Sensation and Perception

(2)

Sensing, Organizing, Identifying, and Recognizing

(5)

The Proximal and Distal Stimuli

(2)

Reality, Ambiguity, and Illusions

(3)

Sensory Knowledge of the World

(4)

Psychophysics

(4)

From Physical Events to Mental Events

103

(1)

The Visual System

103

(6)

The Human Eye

103

(1)

The Pupil and The Lens

104

(1)

The Retina

104

(2)

Processes in the Brain

106

(2)

Seeing Color

108

(1)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Can Technology Restore Sight?

109

(4)

Hearing

113

(5)

The Physics of Sound

113

(1)

Psychological Dimensions of Sound

113

(1)

The Physiology of Hearing

114

(4)

Your Other Senses

118

(4)

Smell

118

(1)

Taste

119

(1)

Touch and Skin Senses

119

(1)

The Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses

120

(1)

Pain

121

(1)

Organizational Processes in Perception

122

(1)

Attentional Processes

122

(3)

Principles of Perceptual Grouping

125

(2)

Spatial and Temporal Integration

127

(1)

Motion Perception

128

(1)

Depth Perception

128

(4)

Perceptual Constancies

132

Psychology in Your Life: Why is Eating ``Hot'' Food Painful?

123

(11)

Identification and Recognition Processes

134

(6)

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes

135

(1)

The Influence of Contexts and Expectations

136

(1)

Final Lessons

137

(3)

Mind, Consciousness, and Alternate States

140

(28)

The Contents of Consciousness

142

(3)

Awareness and Consciousness

142

(2)

Studying the Contents of Consciousness

144

(1)

The Functions of Consciousness

145

(3)

The Uses of Consciousness

145

(1)

Studying the Functions of Consciousness

146

(2)

Psychology in Your Life: When Do Children Acquire Consciousness?

148

(1)

Sleep and Dreams

149

(5)

Circadian Rhythms

149

(1)

The Sleep Cycle

149

(2)

Why Sleep?

151

(1)

Sleep Disorders

152

(2)

Dreams: Theater of the Mind

154

(1)

Psychology in the 21st Century: The 24/7 Lifestyle and Sleep

154

(3)

Altered States of Consciousness

157

(11)

Lucid Dreaming

157

(1)

Hypnosis

158

(2)

Meditation

160

(1)

Hallucinations

161

(1)

Religious Ecstasy

161

(1)

Mind-Altering Drugs

162

(6)

Learning and Behavior Analysis

168

(36)

The Study of Learning

170

(2)

What Is Learning?

170

(1)

Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis

171

(1)

Classical Conditioning: Learning Predictable Signals

172

(9)

Pavlov's Surprising Observation

172

(2)

Processes of Conditioning

174

(3)

Focus on Acquisition

177

(2)

Applications of Classical Conditioning

179

(2)

Operant Conditioning: Learning About Consequences

181

(7)

The Law of Effect

181

(1)

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

182

(1)

Reinforcement Contingencies

183

(4)

Properties of Reinforcers

187

(3)

Schedules of Reinforcement

190

(2)

Shaping

192

Psychology in Your Life: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child?

188

(5)

Biology and Learning

193

(3)

Instinctual Drift

193

(1)

Taste-Aversion Learning

194

(2)

Cognitive Influences on Learning

196

(8)

Animal Cognition

196

(3)

Observational Learning

199

(5)

Memory

204

(40)

What Is Memory?

206

(4)

Ebbinghaus Quantifies Memory

206

(1)

Types of Memories

207

(2)

An Overview of Memory Processes

209

(1)

Sensory Memory

210

(3)

Iconic Memory

210

(2)

Echoic Memory

212

(1)

Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

213

(5)

The Capacity Limitations of STM

213

(1)

Accommodating to STM Capacity

214

(2)

Working Memory

216

(2)

Long-Term Memory: Encoding and Retrieval

218

(10)

Context and Encoding

218

(3)

Retrieval Cues

221

(2)

The Processes of Encoding and Retrieval

223

(2)

Improving Memory for Unstructured Information

225

(2)

Metamemory

227

(1)

Psychology in Your Life: How Can Memory Research Help You Prepare for Exams?

228

(1)

Structures in Long-Term Memory

229

(7)

Memory Structures

229

(4)

Using Memory Structures

233

(1)

Remembering as a Reconstructive Process

234

(2)

Biological Aspects of Memory

236

(1)

Searching for the Engram

238

(1)

Amnesia

239

(1)

Brain Imaging

240

Psychology in the 21st Century: Understanding Alzheimer's Disease

237

(7)

Cognitive Processes

244

(40)

Studying Cognition

246

(5)

Discovering the Processes of Mind

247

(1)

Mental Processes and Mental Resources

247

(4)

Language Use

251

(7)

Language Production

251

(3)

Language Understanding

254

(3)

Language, Thought, and Culture

257

(1)

Psychology in Your Life: Can Nonhuman Animals Learn Language?

258

(2)

Visual Cognition

260

(5)

Using Visual Representations

260

(2)

Combining Verbal and Visual Representations

262

(3)

Problem Solving and Reasoning

265

(8)

Problem Solving

265

(3)

Deductive Reasoning

268

(3)

Inductive Reasoning

271

(2)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Expert Systems and Medicine

273

(1)

Judgment and Decision Making

274

(10)

Heuristics and Judgment

274

(4)

The Psychology of Decision Making

278

(6)

Intelligence and Intelligence Assessment

284

(30)

What Is Assessment?

286

(4)

History of Assessment

286

(1)

Basic Features of Formal Assessment

287

(3)

Intelligence Assessment

290

(4)

The Origins of Intelligence Testing

290

(1)

IQ Tests

291

(3)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Assessment on the World Wide Web

294

(1)

Theories of Intelligence

295

(4)

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence

295

(1)

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

296

(1)

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence

297

(2)

Psychology in Your Life: Do Theories of Intelligence Matter?

299

(1)

The Politics of Intelligence

300

(7)

The History of Group Comparisons

300

(1)

Heredity and IQ

301

(2)

Environments and IQ

303

(2)

Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests

305

(2)

Creativity

307

(2)

Assessing Creativity and the Link to Intelligence

307

(1)

Exceptional Creativity and Madness

307

(2)

Assessment and Society

309

(5)

Human Development Across the Life Span

314

(46)

Studying Development

316

(2)

Physical Development Across the Life Span

318

(6)

Prenatal and Childhood Development

318

(4)

Physical Development in Adolescence

322

(1)

Physical Changes in Adulthood

323

(1)

Cognitive Development Across the Life Span

324

(8)

Piaget's Insights into Mental Development

325

(3)

Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development

328

(2)

Cognitive Development in Adulthood

330

(2)

Acquiring Language

332

(4)

Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words

332

(2)

Learning Word Meanings

334

(1)

Acquiring Grammar

334

(2)

Social Development Across the Life Span

336

(6)

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

337

(1)

Social Development in Childhood

338

(6)

Social Development in Adolescence

344

(3)

Social Development in Adulthood

347

Psychology in Your Life: How Does Day Care Affect Children's Development?

342

(9)

Gender Development

351

(3)

Sex and Gender

352

(1)

The Acquisition of Gender Roles

353

(1)

Moral Development

354

(3)

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning

354

(1)

Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning

355

(2)

Learning to Age Successfully

357

(3)

Motivation

360

(32)

Understanding Motivation

362

(5)

Functions of Motivational Concepts

362

(1)

Sources of Motivation

363

(4)

Eating

367

(3)

The Physiology of Eating

367

(2)

The Psychology of Eating

369

(1)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Genes and Obesity

370

(4)

Sexual Behaviors

374

(8)

Nonhuman Sexual Behaviors

374

(2)

Human Sexual Arousal and Response

376

(1)

The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors

377

(1)

Sexual Norms

378

(2)

Homosexuality

380

(2)

Motivation for Personal Achievement

382

(5)

Need for Achievement

383

(1)

Attributions for Success and Failure

384

(2)

Work and Organizational Psychology

386

(1)

Psychology in Your Life: Can Psychology Help Find Me a Career?

387

(1)

A Hierarchy of Needs

388

(4)

Emotion, Stress, and Health

392

(42)

Emotions

394

(11)

Basic Emotions and Culture

394

(4)

Theories of Emotion

398

(4)

Functions of Emotion

402

(3)

Psychology in Your Life: Why Are Some People Happier Than Others?

405

(1)

Stress of Living

406

(14)

Physiological Stress Reactions

406

(4)

Psychological Stress Reactions

410

(5)

Coping with Stress

415

(5)

Health Psychology

420

(5)

The Biopsychosocial Model of Health

420

(1)

Health Promotion

421

(3)

Treatment

424

(4)

Personality and Health

428

(1)

Job Burnout and the Health-Care System

429

(1)

A Toast to Your Health

430

Psychology in the 21st Century: Healthy People 2010

425

(9)

Understanding Human Personality

434

(36)

Type and Trait Personality Theories

436

(8)

Categorizing by Types

436

(1)

Describing with Traits

437

(4)

Traits and Heritability

441

(1)

Do Traits Predict Behaviors?

442

(1)

Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories

443

(1)

Psychology in Your Life: Why Are Some People Shy?

444

(1)

Psychodynamic Theories

444

(7)

Freudian Psychoanalysis

445

(4)

Evaluation of Freudian Theory

449

(1)

Extending Psychodynamic Theories

449

(2)

Humananistic Theories

451

(2)

Features of Humanistic Theories

451

(1)

Evaluation of Humanistic Theories

452

(1)

Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories

453

(5)

Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory

454

(1)

Bandura's Cognitive Social-Learning Theory

455

(2)

Cantor's Social Intelligence Theory

457

(1)

Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories

457

(1)

Self Theories

458

(4)

Dynamic Aspects of Self-Concepts

458

(1)

Self-Esteem and Self-Presentation

459

(1)

The Cultural Construction of Self

460

(2)

Evaluation of Self Theories

462

(1)

Comparing Personality Theories

462

(1)

Psychology in the 21st Century: The Self on the Internet

463

(1)

Assessing Personality

464

(6)

Objective Tests

464

(2)

Projective Tests

466

(4)

Psychological Disorders

470

(38)

The Nature of Psychological Disorders

472

(6)

Deciding What Is Abnormal

472

(2)

The Problem of Objectivity

474

(1)

Historical Perspectives

474

(2)

The Etiology of Psychopathology

476

(2)

Classifying Psychological Disorders

478

(2)

Goals of Classification

478

(1)

DSM-IV-TR

478

(2)

Psychology in Your Life: Is ``Insanity'' Really a Defense?

480

(1)

Major Types of Psychological Disorders

481

(17)

Anxiety Disorders: Types

482

(2)

Anxiety Disorders: Causes

484

(3)

Mood Disorders: Types

487

(1)

Mood Disorders: Causes

488

(4)

Gender Differences in Depression

492

(1)

Suicide

492

(1)

Personality Disorders

493

(1)

Dissociative Disorders

494

(2)

Psychological Disorders of Childhood

496

(2)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Pinpointing Interactions of Nature and Nurture

498

Schizophrenic Disorders

497

(7)

Major Types of Schizophrenia

499

(1)

Causes of Schizophrenia

500

(4)

The Stigma of Mental Illness

504

(4)

Therapies for Psychological Disorders

508

(34)

The Therapeutic Context

510

(4)

Goals and Major Therapies

510

(1)

Therapists and Therapeutic Settings

510

(2)

Historical and Cultural Contexts

512

(2)

Psychodynamic Therapies

514

(2)

Freudian Psychoanalysis

514

(1)

Later Psychodynamic Therapies

515

(1)

Psychology in Your Life: Are Lives Haunted by Repressed Memories?

516

(2)

Behavior Therapies

518

(7)

Counterconditioning

518

(3)

Contingency Management

521

(1)

Social-Learning Therapy

522

(1)

Generalization Techniques

523

(2)

Cognitive Therapies

525

(2)

Changing False Beliefs

525

(1)

Cognitive Behavior Modification

526

(1)

Humanistic Therapies

527

(1)

Client-Centered Therapy

527

(1)

Gestalt Therapy

528

(1)

Group Therapies

528

(2)

Marital and Family Therapy

529

(1)

Community Support Groups

530

(1)

Biomedical Therapies

530

(6)

Psychosurgery

531

(1)

ECT and rTMS

531

(1)

Drug Therapy

532

(4)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Therapies and Brain Activity

536

Treatment Evaluation and Prevention Strategies

535

(7)

Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness

535

(2)

Prevention Strategies

537

(5)

Social Cognition and Relationships

542

(30)

Constructing Social Reality

544

(6)

The Origins of Attribution Theory

545

(1)

The Fundamental Attribution Error

545

(2)

Self-Serving Biases

547

(1)

Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

548

(1)

Behaviors That Confirm Expectations

549

(1)

Attitudes, Attitude Change, and Action

550

(9)

Attitudes and Behaviors

550

(2)

Processes of Persuasion

552

(2)

Persuasion by Your Own Actions

554

(2)

Compliance

556

(3)

Psychology in Your Life: Do Late Night TV Ads Really Work?

559

Prejudice

558

(5)

Origins of Prejudice

558

(2)

Effects of Stereotypes

560

(2)

Reversing Prejudice

562

(1)

Social Relationships

563

(5)

Liking

564

(1)

Loving

565

(3)

Psychology in the 21st Century: Relationships and the Internet

568

(4)

Social Processes, Society, and Culture

572

(2)

The Power of the Situation

574

(6)

Roles and Rules

574

(2)

Social Norms

576

(1)

Conformity

576

(5)

Situational Power: Candid Camera Revelations

581

Psychology in Your Life: How Do Groups Affect Decision Making?

580

(2)

Altruism and Prosocial Behavior

582

(5)

The Roots of Altruism

582

(2)

Motives for Prosocial Behavior

584

(1)

The Effects of the Situation on Prosocial Behavior

585

(2)

Aggression

587

(8)

Evolutionary Perspectives

588

(1)

Individual Differences

588

(2)

Situational Influences

590

(2)

Cultural Constraints

592

(3)

The Psychology of Conflict and Peace

595

(10)

Obedience to Authority

596

(3)

The Psychology of Genocide and War

599

(4)

Peace Psychology

603

(2)

A Personal Endnote

605

Glossary

(1)

References

(1)

Name Index

(1)

Subject Index

(1)

Credits

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Psychology and Life

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials