Pulmonary Function Testing and

As either a personal or departmental reference, this book can be an important resource tool on pulmonary function testing and cardiopulmonary stress testing. It is written in a clear, readable style and has many features that will direct and simplify learning by the user.

Preface

vi

(5)

Acknowledgments

xi

(2)

Introduction

xiii

Chapter One--Equipment for Volume and Flow Measurement

1

(29)

Volume Flow Measuring Instruments

2

(15)

Plethysmographs

17

(4)

Directional Breathing Valves and Directional Control Valves

21

(1)

Computer Interfaces

22

(2)

Display Recording Instruments

24

(6)

Chapter Two--Tests for Pulmonary Mechanics

30

(39)

Forced Vital Capacity Maneuver

31

(15)

Low-Density Gas Spirometry

46

(3)

Peak Expiratory Flow Monitoring

49

(2)

Maximum Voluntary Ventilation

51

(3)

Airway Resistance Conductance

54

(5)

Elastic Recoil Pressure Compliance

59

(5)

Maximum Inspiratory and Expiratory Pressures

64

(5)

Chapter Three--Equipment for Gas Analysis

69

(11)

Analyzers for Use With Gaseous Samples

70

(10)

Chapter Four--Tests for Pulmonary Volumes and Ventilation

80

(27)

Pulmonary Volumes and Ventilation

81

(1)

Direct Spirometry

82

(4)

Indirect Spirometry

86

(13)

Nonspirometric Radiologic Estimation of Lung Volume

99

(1)

Interpretation of Pulmonary Volumes and Ventilation

100

(7)

Chapter Five--Tests for Pulmonary Gas Distribution

107

(18)

Deadspace Ventilation

108

(8)

Distribution of Ventilation

116

(9)

Chapter Six--Tests for Pulmonary Gas Diffusion

125

(26)

Test Description

126

(1)

Techniques for Measurement

127

(14)

Equipment Required

141

(1)

Test Administration

142

(2)

Interpretation of Test Results

144

(7)

Chapter Seven--Predicted Normal Values for Pulmonary Function Tests

151

(14)

Factors Affecting Predicted Normal Values

152

(2)

Sources of Predictive Equations for Normal Pulmonary Function Values

154

(4)

Using Predictive Equations for Normal Pulmonary Function Values

158

(7)

Chapter Eight--Pulmonary Function Testing Regimens

165

(41)

Patient Assessment for Pulmonary Function Testing

167

(3)

General Administration of Pulmonary Function Tests

170

(4)

Bronchodilator-Benefit Studies

174

(3)

Preoperative Pulmonary Function Studies

177

(4)

Bronchoprovocation (Methacholine Challenge) Studies

181

(5)

Studies for Exercise-Induced Asthma

186

(5)

Studies to Document Impairment Disability

191

(3)

Critical Care Monitoring

194

(12)

Chapter Nine--Pulmonary Function Testing for Children

206

(10)

Lung Volume Determinations

207

(2)

Pulmonary Mechanics Tests

209

(5)

Diffusing Capacity

214

(1)

Predicted Normal Pulmonary Function Values for Children

214

(2)

Chapter Ten--Equipment for Blood Gas Analysis

216

(19)

Electrochemical Blood Gas Analyzers

217

(9)

Spectrophotometric Blood Gas Analysis

226

(9)

Chapter Eleven--Tests for Oxygenation, Ventilation, and Acid Base Balance

235

(41)

Tests Based on Direct Assessment of Blood Gas Values

237

(24)

Indirect Indicators of Blood Gas Values

261

(7)

Pediatric Blood Gas Assessment

268

(8)

Chapter Twelve--Exercise Physiology

276

(32)

Physiologic Needs During Rest and Exercise

277

(17)

General Physiologic Adaptations During Exercise

294

(2)

Significant Physiologic Adaptations and Parameters During Exercise

296

(12)

Chapter Thirteen--Equipment Used for Cardiovascular Stress Testing

308

(25)

Equipment Used for Creating a Measurable Physical Activity

309

(8)

Equipment Used for Measuring Breathing Volumes

317

(1)

Breathing Valves

318

(1)

Gas Collection Mixing Systems

318

(2)

Gas Analysis and Blood Gas Evaluation Instrumentation

320

(1)

Cardiovascular Monitoring Systems

321

(3)

Oxygen Therapy Equipment

324

(1)

Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing Systems

324

(9)

Chapter Fourteen--Administration of Cardiovascular Stress Testing

333

(26)

Indications and Contraindications for Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing

334

(1)

Types of Testing Methods

335

(7)

Preliminary Evaluation of the Subject

342

(1)

Preparation for the Test Procedure

342

(1)

Administration of Testing

343

(6)

Calculation of Physiologic Test Data

349

(3)

Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing Results

352

(7)

Chapter Fifteen--Administration of Tests for Metabolic and Nutritional Assessment

359

(12)

The Need for Bedside Metabolic and Nutritional Assessment

360

(1)

Test Procedures for Metabolic and Nutritional Assessment

360

(1)

Methods for Performing Indirect Calorimetry

361

(3)

Administration of Metabolic Nutritional Assessment Tests

364

(1)

Calculations Required for Metabolic Nutritional Assessment

365

(3)

Significance of Metabolic Nutritional Data

368

(3)

Chapter Sixteen--Quality Assurance for Pulmonary Function Testing

371

(41)

Components of a Quality Assurance Process

372

(3)

Calibration and Quality Control for Spirometers and Plethysmographs

375

(12)

Calibration and Quality Control for Gas and Blood Gas Analysis Instruments

387

(25)

Study Section

412

(50)

Study Section I--Evaluation of the Graphic Results of a Forced Vital Capacity Maneuver

412

(13)

Study Section II--Sample Calculations for Pulmonary Function Testing

425

(12)

Study Section III--Case Studies in Pulmonary Function Testing

437

(10)

Study Section IV--Sample Calculations for Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing

447

(6)

Study Section V--Case Studies in Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing

453

(9)

Appendices

462

(32)

Appendix A--Symbols and Abbreviations

462

(9)

Appendix B--Volume Conversions

471

(3)

Appendix C--Standards for Spirometer Systems

474

(4)

Appendix D--Typical Pulmonary Function Values

478

(2)

Appendix E--Examples of Predictive Equations for Pulmonary Function Testing

480

(6)

Appendix F--Infection Control

486

(5)

Appendix G--Reference Sources for Testing Standards and Guidelines

491

(3)

Bibliography

494

(7)

Glossary

501

(5)

Index

506

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Pulmonary Function Testing and Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing

Summary

Table of Contents

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Pulmonary Function Testing and Cardiopulmonary Stress Testing

Summary

Table of Contents

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