Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans

In ancient tradition, Pythagoras (c. 570 - c. 495 BC) emerges as a wise teacher, an outstanding mathematician, an influential politician, and as a religious and ethical reformer. Arguably the most influential thinker among the Presocratics, he was thought to have possessed supernatural qualities. This combination of characteristics has led to his portrayal as a controversial and elusive figure. In contrast, his early Pythagorean followers, such as the doctors Democedes andAlcmaeon, the Olympic victors Milon and Iccus, the botanist Menestor, the natural philosopher Hippon, and the mathematicians Hippasus and Theodorus, all appear in our sources as 'rational' as they can possibly be. This volume offers a comprehensive study of Pythagoras, Pythagoreanism, and the early Pythagoreans through an analysis of the many representations of the individual and his followers, allowing the representations to complement and critique each other. Using sources dating back to before 300 BC, Zhmud portrays a more historical picture of Pythagoras and of the political society founded by him in Croton. With chapters devoted to the sciences, philosophy, and religion cultivated by Pythagoreans, acritical distinction is made between the theories of individual Pythagoreans. They were as 'normal' as any other Presocratic, a 'normality' that ensured the continued existence of Pythagoreanism as a philosophical and scientific school.

Leonid Zhmud has been working at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology in St. Petersburg since 1987 and is currently a leading academic researcher. In 1989, together with Lev Lurje, he founded the first Classical High School in Leningrad (Gymnasium Classicum Petropolitanum).

Between 1990-2010 he held a vaiety of positions and fellowships, such such as the Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow at Constance University, Germany, Junior fellow at the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington DC, visiting fellowship at Maison des Sciences de l'Homme in Paris, and member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and the Wellcome Trust for the History of Medicine, London.

He is the author of Wissenschaft, Philosophie und Religion im fruhen Pythagoreismus (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), and The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity (Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 2006).

Introduction: The Pythagorean question: problems, methods, and sources
1. The Early Tradition on Pythagoras and its Development
2. Biography: sources, facts, and legends
3. Who were the Pythagoreans?
4. The Pythagorean communities
5. Mathematici and Acusmatici. The Pythagorean symbols
6. Shamanism and Metempsychosis
7. Mathematics
8. Harmonics and Acoustics
9. Astronomy
10. Medicine and Life Sciences
11. Pythagorean Philosophies
12. Pythagorean Number Doctrine in the Academy and Lyceum
Abbreviations of the sources
Bibliography